Entropy production along a stochastic trajectory and an integral
  fluctuation theorem

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Abstract

For stochastic non-equilibrium dynamics like a Langevin equation for a colloidal particle or a master equation for discrete states, entropy production along a single trajectory is studied. It involves both genuine particle entropy and entropy production in the surrounding medium. The integrated sum of both \(\Delta s\t\)is shown to obey a fluctuation theorem \(<\exp[-\Delta s\t]> =1\) for arbitrary initial conditions and arbitrary time-dependent driving over a finite time interval.

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A nonequilibrium equality for free energy differences

C Jarzynski (1996)

An expression is derived for the classical free energy difference between two configurations of a system, in terms of an ensemble of finite-time measurements of the work performed in parametrically switching from one configuration to the other. Two well-known equilibrium identities emerge as limiting cases of this result.

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Equilibrium microstates which generate second law violating steady states

Denis Evans, Debra Searles (1994)

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Experimental demonstration of violations of the second law of thermodynamics for small systems and short time scales.

G M Wang, E. M. Sevick-Muraca, Emil Mittag … (2002)

We experimentally demonstrate the fluctuation theorem, which predicts appreciable and measurable violations of the second law of thermodynamics for small systems over short time scales, by following the trajectory of a colloidal particle captured in an optical trap that is translated relative to surrounding water molecules. From each particle trajectory, we calculate the entropy production/consumption over the duration of the trajectory and determine the fraction of second law-defying trajectories. Our results show entropy consumption can occur over colloidal length and time scales.