COVID-19-Related Anxiety and Its Association with Dietary Diversity Score Among Health Care Professionals in Ethiopia: A Web-Based Survey

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Abstract

Background

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a stressful and overwhelming situation for health care professionals (HCP), especially, who are caring for patients in the resource-limited health care settings of low-income countries. Due to the increasing number of COVID-19 cases in Ethiopia, HCPs are at risk for COVID-19-related anxiety and associated inadequate nutrition. However, the magnitude of COVID-19-related anxiety and its association with dietary diversity among HCPs is not well studied.

Objective

To assess the magnitude of COVID-19-related anxiety and its association with dietary diversity score among health care professionals in Ethiopia.

Methods

A web-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among HCPs working in university hospitals, primary hospitals, and health centers in south and southwest Ethiopia. A structured online survey questionnaire was designed on Google forms and carried out from May 15 to June 14, 2020. COVID-19-related anxiety was assessed using the coronavirus anxiety scale. Dietary diversity was measured using 9 items individual dietary diversity score. Data analysis was done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 24. Multiple logistic regression was computed to identify independent factors associated with COVID-19-related anxiety. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05.

Results

The prevalence of COVID-19-related anxiety among health care professionals was found to be 20.2%. COVID-19-related anxiety is significantly associated with a low dietary diversity score [AOR=5.93 (1.67, 21.07)]. The other factors which are independently associated with COVID-19-related anxiety are the presence of depression [AOR=6.98 (2.91–16.73)] and diploma educational status [AOR=0.16 (0.04–0.55)].

Conclusion

One-fifth of the study participants were found to have probable COVID-19-related anxiety. Designing a screening and intervention strategy for COVID-19-related anxiety among HCPs, particularly to those with low dietary diversity scores and depression, is recommended.

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Most cited references 34

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The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure.

K Kroenke, R L Spitzer, J. Williams (2001)

While considerable attention has focused on improving the detection of depression, assessment of severity is also important in guiding treatment decisions. Therefore, we examined the validity of a brief, new measure of depression severity. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) is a self-administered version of the PRIME-MD diagnostic instrument for common mental disorders. The PHQ-9 is the depression module, which scores each of the 9 DSM-IV criteria as "0" (not at all) to "3" (nearly every day). The PHQ-9 was completed by 6,000 patients in 8 primary care clinics and 7 obstetrics-gynecology clinics. Construct validity was assessed using the 20-item Short-Form General Health Survey, self-reported sick days and clinic visits, and symptom-related difficulty. Criterion validity was assessed against an independent structured mental health professional (MHP) interview in a sample of 580 patients. As PHQ-9 depression severity increased, there was a substantial decrease in functional status on all 6 SF-20 subscales. Also, symptom-related difficulty, sick days, and health care utilization increased. Using the MHP reinterview as the criterion standard, a PHQ-9 score > or =10 had a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 88% for major depression. PHQ-9 scores of 5, 10, 15, and 20 represented mild, moderate, moderately severe, and severe depression, respectively. Results were similar in the primary care and obstetrics-gynecology samples. In addition to making criteria-based diagnoses of depressive disorders, the PHQ-9 is also a reliable and valid measure of depression severity. These characteristics plus its brevity make the PHQ-9 a useful clinical and research tool.

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COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: systematic review of the current evidence

Nina Vindegaard, Michael Eriksen Benros (2020)

Highlights • COVID-19 patients displayed high levels of PTSS and increased levels of depression. • Patients with preexisting psychiatric disorders reported worsening of psychiatric symptoms. • Higher levels of psychiatric symptoms were found among health care workers. • A decrease in psychological well-being was observed in the general public. • However, well conducted large-scale studies are highly needed.

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A Nationwide Survey of Psychological Distress among Italian People during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors

Cristina Mazza, Eleonora Ricci, Sílvia Biondi … (2020)

The uncontrolled spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has called for unprecedented measures, to the extent that the Italian government has imposed a quarantine on the entire country. Quarantine has a huge impact and can cause considerable psychological strain. The present study aims to establish the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms and identify risk and protective factors for psychological distress in the general population. An online survey was administered from 18–22 March 2020 to 2766 participants. Multivariate ordinal logistic regression models were constructed to examine the associations between sociodemographic variables; personality traits; depression, anxiety, and stress. Female gender, negative affect, and detachment were associated with higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. Having an acquaintance infected was associated with increased levels of both depression and stress, whereas a history of stressful situations and medical problems was associated with higher levels of depression and anxiety. Finally, those with a family member infected and young person who had to work outside their domicile presented higher levels of anxiety and stress, respectively. This epidemiological picture is an important benchmark for identifying persons at greater risk of suffering from psychological distress and the results are useful for tailoring psychological interventions targeting the post-traumatic nature of the distress.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Multidiscip Healthc

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Multidiscip Healthc

Journal ID (publisher-id): jmdh

Journal ID (pmc): jmulthealth

Title: Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare

Publisher: Dove

ISSN (Electronic): 1178-2390

Publication date (Electronic): 29 April 2021

Publication date Collection: 2021

Volume: 14

Pages: 987-996

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Health, Jimma University , Jimma, Ethiopia

[2 ]Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University , Goba, Ethiopia

[3 ]School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolaitta Sodo University , Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia

Author notes

Correspondence: Arefayne Alenko Jimma University, Institute of Health, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Science, Institute of Health, Jimma University , Jimma, EthiopiaTel +251 96 767 0149 Email arefeaynealenko@gmail.com

Author information

Arefayne Alenko http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4508-0254

Liyew Agenagnew http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4181-1489

Girma Beressa http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5677-3692

Yonas Tesfaye http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6707-9900

Yohannes Markos Woldesenbet http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0893-9306

Shimelis Girma http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6946-4020

Article

Publisher ID: 305164

DOI: 10.2147/JMDH.S305164

PMC ID: 8092942

PubMed ID: 33953567

SO-VID: 5a8e6770-3f54-47d9-a053-90a13966dbc1

License:

This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

History

Date received : 06 February 2021

Date accepted : 12 April 2021

Page count

Figures: 1, Tables: 4, References: 36, Pages: 10

Funding

Funded by: not receive any financial support;

The authors did not receive any financial support for the survey work or the publication of the article.

COVID-19-Related Anxiety and Its Association with Dietary Diversity Score Among Health Care Professionals in Ethiopia: A Web-Based Survey

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Novel Coronavirus Disease COVID-19

Most cited references 34

The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure.

COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: systematic review of the current evidence

A Nationwide Survey of Psychological Distress among Italian People during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors

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