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      Integrated Brain Circuits: Neuron-Astrocyte Interaction in Sleep-Related Rhythmogenesis

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          Abstract

          Although astrocytes are increasingly recognized as important modulators of neuronal excitability and information transfer at the synapse, whether these cells regulate neuronal network activity has only recently started to be investigated. In this article, we highlight the role of astrocytes in the modulation of circuit function with particular focus on sleep-related rhythmogenesis. We discuss recent data showing that these glial cells regulate slow oscillations, a specific thalamocortical activity that characterizes non-REM sleep, and sleep-associated behaviors. Based on these findings, we predict that our understanding of the genesis and tuning of thalamocortical rhythms will necessarily go through an integrated view of brain circuits in which non-neuronal cells can play important neuromodulatory roles.

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          Most cited references74

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          Astrocytic purinergic signaling coordinates synaptic networks.

          To investigate the role of astrocytes in regulating synaptic transmission, we generated inducible transgenic mice that express a dominant-negative SNARE domain selectively in astrocytes to block the release of transmitters from these glial cells. By releasing adenosine triphosphate, which accumulates as adenosine, astrocytes tonically suppressed synaptic transmission, thereby enhancing the dynamic range for long-term potentiation and mediated activity-dependent, heterosynaptic depression. These results indicate that astrocytes are intricately linked in the regulation of synaptic strength and plasticity and provide a pathway for synaptic cross-talk.
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            Control of synaptic strength by glial TNFalpha.

            Activity-dependent modulation of synaptic efficacy in the brain contributes to neural circuit development and experience-dependent plasticity. Although glia are affected by activity and ensheathe synapses, their influence on synaptic strength has largely been ignored. Here, we show that a protein produced by glia, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), enhances synaptic efficacy by increasing surface expression of AMPA receptors. Preventing the actions of endogenous TNFalpha has the opposite effects. Thus, the continual presence of TNFalpha is required for preservation of synaptic strength at excitatory synapses. Through its effects on AMPA receptor trafficking, TNFalpha may play roles in synaptic plasticity and modulating responses to neural injury.
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              Communication between neocortex and hippocampus during sleep in rodents.

              Both neocortical and hippocampal networks organize the firing patterns of their neurons by prominent oscillations during sleep, but the functional role of these rhythms is not well understood. Here, we show a robust correlation of neuronal discharges between the somatosensory cortex and hippocampus on both slow and fine time scales in the mouse and rat. Neuronal bursts in deep cortical layers, associated with sleep spindles and delta waves/slow rhythm, effectively triggered hippocampal discharges related to fast (ripple) oscillations. We hypothesize that oscillation-mediated temporal links coordinate specific information transfer between neocortical and hippocampal cell assemblies. Such a neocortical-hippocampal interplay may be important for memory consolidation.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ScientificWorldJournal
                ScientificWorldJournal
                TSWJ
                The Scientific World Journal
                TheScientificWorldJOURNAL
                2356-6140
                1537-744X
                2010
                17 August 2010
                : 10
                : 1634-1645
                Affiliations
                1 Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
                2 Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
                3 Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
                4 Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Genova, Italy
                5 Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
                Author notes
                *Michael M. Halassa: mhalassa@ 123456partners.org

                Academic Editor: Sergi Ferre

                Article
                573915
                10.1100/tsw.2010.130
                3097528
                20730381
                5ab5e94e-7260-4e8a-84cc-89900f1d5ef4
                Copyright © 2010 Michael M. Halassa et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 27 April 2010
                : 2 June 2010
                : 4 June 2010
                Funding
                Funded by: MIUR PRIN Program
                Funded by: Telethon-Italy
                Award ID: GGP09134
                Funded by: San Paolo grant
                Award ID: R01-NS037585
                Categories
                Mini-Review Article

                Uncategorized
                glia,sleep,slow oscillations,adenosine,a1 receptors,cortical rhythms
                Uncategorized
                glia, sleep, slow oscillations, adenosine, a1 receptors, cortical rhythms

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