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      Do morally injurious experiences and index events negatively impact intensive PTSD treatment outcomes among combat veterans? Translated title: ¿Tienen las experiencias moralmente dañinas y los eventos índices un impacto negativo en los resultados del tratamiento intensivo del TEPT en los veteranos de combate? Translated title: 道德伤害经历和指标事件会对战斗退伍军人密集PTSD治疗结果产生负面影响吗?

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          ABSTRACT

          Background: It has been suggested that current frontline posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatments are not effective for the treatment of moral injury and that individuals who have experienced morally injurious events may respond differently to treatment than those who have not. However, these claims have yet to be empirically tested.

          Objective: This study evaluated the rates of morally injurious event exposure and morally injurious index trauma and their impact on PTSD (PCL-5) and depression symptom (PHQ-9) reductions during intensive PTSD treatment.

          Method: Data from 161 USA military combat service members and veterans (91.3% male; mean age = 39.94 years) who participated in a 3-week Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT)-based intensive PTSD treatment programme (ITP) was utilized. Morally injurious event exposure was established via the Moral Injury Event Scale (MIES). Index traumas were also coded by the treating clinician. Linear mixed effects regression analyses were conducted to examine if differences in average effects or trends over the course of treatment existed between veterans with morally injurious event exposure or index trauma and those without.

          Results: Rates of morally injurious event exposure in this treatment sample were high (59.0%-75.2%). Morally injurious event exposure and the type of index trauma did not predict changes in symptom outcomes from the ITP and veterans reported large reductions in PTSD ( d = 1.35–1.96) and depression symptoms ( d = 0.95–1.24) from pre- to post-treatment. Non-inferiority analyses also demonstrated equivalence across those with and without morally injurious event exposure and index events. There were no significant gender differences.

          Conclusions: The present study suggests that PTSD and depression in military veterans with morally injurious event exposure histories may be successfully treated via a 3-week CPT-based ITP.

          HIGHLIGHTS

          • Treatment-seeking veterans reported high rates of morally injurious experiences.• Morally injurious experiences were not associated with intensive PTSD treatment outcomes.• Veterans who did and did not experience morally injurious experiences reported large symptom reductions.

          Translated abstract

          Antecedentes: Se ha sugerido que los tratamientos actuales de primera línea para el trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) no son efectivos para el tratamiento del daño moral y que las personas que han experimentado eventos moralmente dañinos pueden responder de manera diferente al tratamiento que las que no lo han hecho. Sin embargo, estas afirmaciones aún no se han probado empíricamente.

          Objetivo: Este estudio evaluó las tasas de exposición a eventos moralmente dañinos y trauma índice moralmente dañino y su impacto en las reducciones de síntomas del TEPT (PCL-5) y de depresión (PHQ-9) durante el tratamiento intensivo para TEPT.

          Método: Se utilizaron datos de 161 miembros y veteranos del servicio militar de combate de los Estados Unidos (91,3% hombres; edad promedio = 39,94 años) que participaron en un programa de tratamiento intensivo de TEPT (ITP en su sigla en inglés) basado en la Terapia de procesamiento cognitivo (CPT en su sigla en inglés) durante 3 semanas. La exposición a eventos moralmente dañinos se estableció mediante la Escala de eventos de daño moral (MIES en su sigla en inglés). Los traumas índice también fueron codificados por el médico tratante. Se llevaron a cabo análisis de regresión de efectos mixtos lineales para examinar si existían diferencias en los efectos promedio o las tendencias durante el curso de tratamiento en los veteranos con exposición a eventos moralmente perjudiciales o trauma índice y los que no.

          Resultados: Las tasas de exposición a eventos moralmente dañinos en esta muestra de tratamiento fueron altas (59,0% −75,2%). La exposición a eventos moralmente dañinos y el tipo de trauma índice no predijeron cambios en los resultados de los síntomas de la ITP y los veteranos reportaron grandes reducciones en los síntomas de TEPT (d = 1.35-1.96) y de depresión ( d = 0.95-1.24) entre el pre- y post- tratamiento. Los análisis de no inferioridad también demostraron equivalencia entre aquellos con y sin exposición a eventos moralmente dañinos y eventos índice. No hubo diferencias de género significativas.

          Conclusiones: El presente estudio sugiere que el TEPT y la depresión en los veteranos militares con antecedentes de exposición a eventos moralmente dañinos pueden tratarse con éxito mediante un IPT basado en CPT de 3 semanas.

          Translated abstract

          背景: 当前一线创伤后应激障碍 (PTSD) 治疗已被表明对精神伤害的治疗无效, 经历过精神伤害事件的人对治疗的反应可能与未遭受精神伤害的人不同。但是, 这些声明尚未经过实证检验。

          目的: 本研究评估了密集PTSD治疗期间道德伤害事件暴露和道德伤害指标创伤的发生率及其对PTSD症状 (PCL-5) 和抑郁症状 (PHQ-9) 减少的影响。

          方法: 使用来自161名参加了3周认知加工疗法 (CPT) 的密集PTSD治疗计划 (ITP) 的美国军队战斗服役人员和退伍军人 (91.3%为男性;平均年龄为39.94岁) 的数据。通过道德伤害事件量表 (MIES) 确定了道德伤害事件的暴露程度。指标创伤也由主治临床医生编码。进行了线性混合效应回归分析, 以考查治疗过程中的平均效果或趋势在经历过精神伤害事件或指标创伤的退伍军人与没有经历这些的退伍军人之间是否存在差异。

          结果: 道德伤害事件在该治疗样本中暴露率很高 (59.0%-75.2%) 。精神伤害事件的暴露和指标创伤的类型不能预测ITP的症状结果变化, 退伍军人报告了治疗前后PTSD症状 (d = 1.35-1.96) 和抑郁症状 (d = 0.95-1.24) 的大幅减少。非劣势性分析也表明这些效果在有无道德伤害事件暴露和指标事件方面等价。无显著性别差异。

          结论: 本研究表明, 有道德伤害事件暴露历史的退伍军人的PTSD和抑郁, 也许可以通过3周基于CPT的ITP成功治疗。

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          The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure.

          While considerable attention has focused on improving the detection of depression, assessment of severity is also important in guiding treatment decisions. Therefore, we examined the validity of a brief, new measure of depression severity. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) is a self-administered version of the PRIME-MD diagnostic instrument for common mental disorders. The PHQ-9 is the depression module, which scores each of the 9 DSM-IV criteria as "0" (not at all) to "3" (nearly every day). The PHQ-9 was completed by 6,000 patients in 8 primary care clinics and 7 obstetrics-gynecology clinics. Construct validity was assessed using the 20-item Short-Form General Health Survey, self-reported sick days and clinic visits, and symptom-related difficulty. Criterion validity was assessed against an independent structured mental health professional (MHP) interview in a sample of 580 patients. As PHQ-9 depression severity increased, there was a substantial decrease in functional status on all 6 SF-20 subscales. Also, symptom-related difficulty, sick days, and health care utilization increased. Using the MHP reinterview as the criterion standard, a PHQ-9 score > or =10 had a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 88% for major depression. PHQ-9 scores of 5, 10, 15, and 20 represented mild, moderate, moderately severe, and severe depression, respectively. Results were similar in the primary care and obstetrics-gynecology samples. In addition to making criteria-based diagnoses of depressive disorders, the PHQ-9 is also a reliable and valid measure of depression severity. These characteristics plus its brevity make the PHQ-9 a useful clinical and research tool.
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            Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care.

            The current combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan have involved U.S. military personnel in major ground combat and hazardous security duty. Studies are needed to systematically assess the mental health of members of the armed services who have participated in these operations and to inform policy with regard to the optimal delivery of mental health care to returning veterans. We studied members of four U.S. combat infantry units (three Army units and one Marine Corps unit) using an anonymous survey that was administered to the subjects either before their deployment to Iraq (n=2530) or three to four months after their return from combat duty in Iraq or Afghanistan (n=3671). The outcomes included major depression, generalized anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which were evaluated on the basis of standardized, self-administered screening instruments. Exposure to combat was significantly greater among those who were deployed to Iraq than among those deployed to Afghanistan. The percentage of study subjects whose responses met the screening criteria for major depression, generalized anxiety, or PTSD was significantly higher after duty in Iraq (15.6 to 17.1 percent) than after duty in Afghanistan (11.2 percent) or before deployment to Iraq (9.3 percent); the largest difference was in the rate of PTSD. Of those whose responses were positive for a mental disorder, only 23 to 40 percent sought mental health care. Those whose responses were positive for a mental disorder were twice as likely as those whose responses were negative to report concern about possible stigmatization and other barriers to seeking mental health care. This study provides an initial look at the mental health of members of the Army and the Marine Corps who were involved in combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Our findings indicate that among the study groups there was a significant risk of mental health problems and that the subjects reported important barriers to receiving mental health services, particularly the perception of stigma among those most in need of such care. Copyright 2004 Massachusetts Medical Society
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              Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (PCL-5) in veterans.

              This study examined the psychometric properties of the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (PCL-5; Weathers, Litz, et al., 2013b) in 2 independent samples of veterans receiving care at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center (N = 468). A subsample of these participants (n = 140) was used to define a valid diagnostic cutoff score for the instrument using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5; Weathers, Blake, et al., 2013) as the reference standard. The PCL-5 test scores demonstrated good internal consistency (α = .96), test-retest reliability (r = .84), and convergent and discriminant validity. Consistent with previous studies (Armour et al., 2015; Liu et al., 2014), confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the data were best explained by a 6-factor anhedonia model and a 7-factor hybrid model. Signal detection analyses using the CAPS-5 revealed that PCL-5 scores of 31 to 33 were optimally efficient for diagnosing PTSD (κ(.5) = .58). Overall, the findings suggest that the PCL-5 is a psychometrically sound instrument that can be used effectively with veterans. Further, by determining a valid cutoff score using the CAPS-5, the PCL-5 can now be used to identify veterans with probable PTSD. However, findings also suggest the need for research to evaluate cluster structure of DSM-5. (PsycINFO Database Record
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-8198
                2000-8066
                8 March 2021
                2021
                : 12
                : 1
                : 1877026
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center; , Chicago, IL, USA
                [b ]Department of Behavioral Sciences, Olivet Nazarene University; , Burbonnais, IL, USA
                [c ]UCF RESTORES and Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida; , Orlando, FL, USA
                [d ]Department of Psychological Science, University of California; , Irvine, CA, USA
                Author notes
                CONTACT Philip Held Philip_Held@ 123456rush.edu Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center; , 1645 W. Jackson Blvd., Suite 602, Chicago, IL60612, USA
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3974-1802
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2787-5865
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5724-1257
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0854-9973
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3123-6919
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5159-8431
                Article
                1877026
                10.1080/20008198.2021.1877026
                8128118
                34025919
                5ac2990f-6ffb-4ea6-9a1c-f7e663be524d
                © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 5, References: 44, Pages: 1
                Categories
                Research Article
                Clinical Research Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                moral injury,ptsd,treatment outcomes,intensive treatment,veterans,daño moral,tept,resultados del tratamiento,tratamiento intensivo,veteranos,道德伤害,治疗结果,密集治疗,退伍军人

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