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      Comparison of the accelerometer-based navigation system with conventional instruments for total knee arthroplasty: a propensity score-matched analysis

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          Abstract

          Background

          The accelerometer-based navigation (ABN) system is an emerging navigation system for total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This study aimed to determine whether the ABN system could improve the accuracy of mechanical alignment, component positioning, and short-term clinical outcomes for TKA when compared to conventional instruments (CON).

          Methods

          A total of 204 patients were selected and divided into two groups (CON: 135, ABN: 69) after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Then, 1:1 propensity score matching was performed for age, gender, body mass index, hip-knee-ankle angle (HKA), Knee Society Score (KSS), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) score, and follow-up times. A total of 82 consecutive patients (82 knees) underwent total knee arthroplasty using ABN ( n = 41) or CON ( n = 41) were enrolled in this study. The postoperative HKA, frontal femoral component (FFC) angle, frontal tibial component (FTC) angle, lateral femoral flexion (LFF) angle, and lateral tibial component (LTC) angle were compared between the two groups to evaluate mechanical alignment and component positioning. Additional clinical parameters, including haemoglobin reduction, the KSS, and the WOMAC score, were assessed at the final follow-up (the mean follow-up period was 20.9 months in the CON group and 21.2 months in the ABN group).

          Results

          The ABN group had a significantly improved mean absolute deviation of HKA ( P = 0.033), FFC ( P = 0.004), FTC ( P = 0.017), LFF ( P = 0.023), and LTC ( P = 0.031) compared to those of the CON group. The numbers of FFCs and LTCs within 3° were significantly different ( P = 0.021, P = 0.023, respectively) between the two groups. However, no differences in the numbers of FTCs within 3° ( P = 0.166) and LFF within 3° ( P = 0.556) were found. The ABN group had a significantly higher KS function score ( P = 0.032), and the pain and stiffness scores were significantly different ( P = 0.034, P = 0.020, respectively) between the two groups. Moreover, the ABN system could reduce hidden blood loss postoperatively. However, no difference was found in the KS knee score and the total WOMAC score between the two groups.

          Conclusion

          This study demonstrates that ABN system improved TKA mechanical alignment and component positioning and decreased the hidden blood loss postoperatively compared to conventional instruments. However, no significant differences were found in short-term clinical outcomes between ABN and conventional instruments at the final follow-up. However, whether this system contributes to revision rates and long-term clinical outcomes requires further study.

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          Most cited references40

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          Effect of postoperative mechanical axis alignment on the fifteen-year survival of modern, cemented total knee replacements.

          One long-held tenet of total knee arthroplasty is that implant durability is maximized when postoperative limb alignment is corrected to 0° ± 3° relative to the mechanical axis. Recently, substantial health-care resources have been devoted to computer navigation systems that allow surgeons to more often achieve that alignment. We hypothesized that a postoperative mechanical axis of 0° ± 3° would result in better long-term survival of total knee arthroplasty implants as compared with that in a group of outliers. Clinical and radiographic data were reviewed retrospectively to determine the fifteen-year Kaplan-Meier survival rate following 398 primary total knee arthroplasties performed with cement in 280 patients from 1985 to 1990. Preoperatively, most knees were in varus mechanical alignment (mean and standard deviation, 6° ± 8.8° of varus [range, 30° of varus to 22° of valgus]), whereas postoperatively most knees were corrected to neutral (mean and standard deviation, 0° ± 2.8° [range, 8° of varus to 9° of valgus]). Postoperatively, we defined a mechanically aligned group of 292 knees (with a mechanical axis of 0° ± 3°) and an outlier group of 106 knees (with a mechanical axis of beyond 0° ± 3°). At the time of the latest follow-up, forty-five (15.4%) of the 292 implants in the mechanically aligned group had been revised for any reason, compared with fourteen (13%) of the 106 implants in the outlier group (p = 0.88); twenty-seven (9.2%) of the 292 implants in the mechanically aligned group had been revised because of aseptic loosening, mechanical failure, wear, or patellar problems, compared with eight (7.5%) of the 106 implants in the outlier group (p = 0.88); and seventeen (5.8%) of the 292 implants in the mechanically aligned group had been revised because of aseptic loosening, mechanical failure, or wear, compared with four (3.8%) of the 106 implants in the outlier group (p = 0.49). A postoperative mechanical axis of 0° ± 3° did not improve the fifteen-year implant survival rate following these 398 modern total knee arthroplasties. We believe that describing alignment as a dichotomous variable (aligned versus malaligned) on the basis of a mechanical axis goal of 0° ± 3° is of little practical value for predicting the durability of modern total knee arthroplasty implants.
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            The effect of alignment and BMI on failure of total knee replacement.

            The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of tibiofemoral alignment, femoral and tibial component alignment, and body-mass index (BMI) on implant survival following total knee replacement. We retrospectively reviewed 6070 knees in 3992 patients with a minimum of two years of follow-up. Each knee was classified on the basis of postoperative alignment (overall tibiofemoral alignment and alignment of the tibial and the femoral component in the coronal plane). Failures (defined as revision for any reason other than infection) were analyzed with use of Cox regression; patient covariates included overall alignment, component alignments, and preoperative BMI. Failure was most likely to occur if the orientation of the tibial component was <90° relative to the tibial axis and the orientation of the femoral component was ≥8° of valgus (failure rate, 8.7%; p < 0.0001). In contrast, failure was least likely to occur if both the tibial and the femoral component were in a neutral orientation (≥90° and <8° of valgus, respectively) (failure rate, 0.2% [nine of 4633]; p < 0.0001). "Correction" of varus or valgus malalignment of the first implanted component by placement of the second component to attain neutral tibiofemoral alignment was associated with a failure rate of 3.2% (p = 0.4922) for varus tibial malalignment and 7.8% (p = 0.0082) for valgus femoral malalignment. A higher BMI was associated with an increased failure rate. Compared with patients with a BMI of 23 to 26 kg/m2, the failure rate in patients with a BMI of ≥41 kg/m2 increased from 0.7% to 2.6% (p = 0.0046) in well-aligned knees, from 1.6% to 2.9% (p = 0.0180) in varus knees, and from 1.0% to 7.1% (p = 0.0260) in valgus knees. Attaining neutrality in all three alignments is important in maximizing total knee implant survival. Substantial "correction" of the alignment of one component in order to compensate for malalignment of the other component and thus produce a neutrally aligned total knee replacement can increase the risk of failure (p = 0.0082). The use of conventional guides to align a total knee replacement provides acceptable alignment; however, the surgeon should be aware that the patient's size, as determined by the BMI, is also a major factor in total knee replacement failure.
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              Meta-analysis of alignment outcomes in computer-assisted total knee arthroplasty surgery.

              Computer-assisted surgery (CAS) has been advocated as a means to improve limb and prosthesis alignment and assist in ligament balancing in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Thus, we sought to examine alignment outcomes in CAS vs conventional TKA. A systematic review of literature from 1990 to 2007 was performed. Direct comparison of alignment outcomes was performed using random effects meta-analyses. Twenty-nine studies of CAS vs conventional TKA were identified, and included mechanical axis malalignment of greater than 3 degrees occurred in 9.0% of CAS vs 31.8% of conventional TKA patients. The risk of greater than 3 degrees malalignment was significantly less with CAS than conventional techniques for mechanical axis and frontal plane femoral and tibial component alignment. Tibial and femoral slope both showed statistical significance in favor of CAS at greater than 2 degrees malalignment. Meta-analysis of alignment outcomes for CAS vs conventional TKA indicates significant improvement in component orientation and mechanical axis when CAS is used.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                robcole@163.com
                13609815765@163.com
                chenzhaohe721721@163.com
                cmudtx816@163.com
                cmulqw@163.com
                0086-024-83283333 , likyokucmu@163.com
                Journal
                J Orthop Surg Res
                J Orthop Surg Res
                Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research
                BioMed Central (London )
                1749-799X
                18 July 2019
                18 July 2019
                2019
                : 14
                : 223
                Affiliations
                GRID grid.412636.4, Department of Orthopedics, , The First Hospital of China Medical University, ; 155, Shenyang, 110000 Liaoning Province People’s Republic of China
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6994-227X
                Article
                1258
                10.1186/s13018-019-1258-y
                6637591
                31319875
                5af92208-6f17-4330-abe0-fcd71525ff34
                © The Author(s). 2019

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 14 December 2018
                : 4 July 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100005047, Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province;
                Award ID: 2015020473
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Surgery
                primary total knee arthroplasty,accelerometer-based navigation,surgical technique,mechanical axis,blood loss

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