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      Cognitive assessment in preterms by Bayley-III: development in the first year and associated factors Translated title: Avaliação cognitiva em crianças pré-termo usando Bayley-III: desenvolvimento no primeiro ano de vida e fatores associados

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          ABSTRACT

          Objective:

          To analyze the cognitive development of preterm infants at six and 12 months of corrected age and the associations with perinatal and socioeconomic factors.

          Methods:

          Cognitive development of 40 infants (20 preterm and 20 full-term) at six and 12 months of age was evaluated using the Bayley-III scale. Correlations between cognitive outcome and associated factors were assessed using Spearman correlation. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis with covariance was applied to identify changes on cognitive score between six and 12 months.

          Results:

          Bayley-III cognitive score in preterm group was significantly lower than in full-term group at both six and 12 months of age. Birth weight correlated with cognitive performance at six months and head circumference at birth at 12 months, in full-terms infants. The occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis was inversely associated with cognitive score in preterms at 12 months. An increase in cognitive score was observed between six and 12 months in both groups, but the gain was more pronounced in preterms.

          Conclusions:

          These findings suggest some cognitive recovery capacity in the first year despite the restrictions imposed by premature birth and emphasize the importance of early interventions in this population.

          RESUMO

          Objetivo:

          Avaliar o desenvolvimento cognitivo de crianças pré-termo aos seis e 12 meses de idade corrigida e as associações com fatores perinatais e socioeconômicos.

          Métodos:

          O desenvolvimento cognitivo de 40 crianças (20 pré-termo e 20 a termo) foi avaliado aos seis e 12 meses de idade, utilizando a escala Bayley-III. Correlações entre resultados cognitivos e fatores associados foram avaliadas pelo teste de correlação de Spearman. A análise de regressão linear múltipla stepwise com covariância foi aplicada para identificar mudanças na pontuação cognitiva entre seis e 12 meses.

          Resultados:

          O escore cognitivo no grupo pré-termo foi significativamente menor que no grupo a termo aos seis e 12 meses. O peso ao nascer foi diretamente associado com o desempenho cognitivo aos seis meses e perímetro cefálico ao nascimento aos 12 meses, nas crianças a termo. A ocorrência de enterocolite necrosante foi inversamente associada ao desempenho cognitivo em pré-termos, aos 12 meses. Verificou-se aumento na pontuação cognitiva entre seis e 12 meses nos dois grupos, porém mais pronunciado no pré-termo.

          Conclusões:

          O estudo sugere que crianças pré-termo apresentam alguma capacidade de recuperação cognitiva no primeiro ano, apesar das restrições impostas pelo nascimento prematuro, e enfatizam a importância de acompanhamento dessa população desde os primeiros meses de vida.

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          Most cited references35

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          Cognitive, motor, behavioural and academic performances of children born preterm: a meta-analysis and systematic review involving 64 061 children

          Preterm birth may leave the brain vulnerable to dysfunction. Knowledge of future neurodevelopmental delay in children born with various degrees of prematurity is needed to inform practice and policy.
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            A critical period of brain development: studies of cerebral glucose utilization with PET.

            Studies with positron emission tomography indicate that the human brain undergoes a period of postnatal maturation that is much more protracted than previously suspected. In the newborn, the highest degree of glucose metabolism (representative of functional activity) is in primary sensory and motor cortex, cingulate cortex, thalamus, brain stem, cerebellar vermis, and hippocampal region. At 2 to 3 months of age, glucose utilization increases in the parietal, temporal, and primary visual cortex; basal ganglia; and cerebellar hemispheres. Between 6 and 12 months, glucose utilization increases in frontal cortex. These metabolic changes correspond to the emergence of various behaviors during the first year of life. The measurement of absolute rates of glucose utilization during development indicates that the cerebral cortex undergoes a dynamic course of metabolic maturation that persists until ages 16-18 years. Initially, there is a rise in the rates of glucose utilization from birth until about age 4 years, at which time the child's cerebral cortex uses over twice as much glucose as that of adults. From age 4 to 10 years, these very high rates of glucose consumption are maintained, and only after then is there a gradual decline of glucose metabolic rates to reach adult values by age 16-18 years. Correlations between glucose utilization rates and synaptogenesis are discussed, and the argument is made that these findings have important implications with respect to human brain plasticity following injury as well as to "critical periods" of maximal learning capacity.
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              Long-Term Impact of Preterm Birth: Neurodevelopmental and Physical Health Outcomes.

              Preterm birth severely disrupts the normal developmental maturation of organ systems, resulting in lasting adverse effects. High blood pressure, cardiac dysfunction, obstructive lung disease, elevated blood glucose, and mental health problems occur earlier and at higher rates in the preterm-born than in the term populations. Disadvantageous health conditions may have a significant impact on the well-being of preterm-born individuals from childhood through adulthood. This review summarizes the impact of preterm birth on neurodevelopment and on cardiovascular, renal, metabolic, and pulmonary health.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Study designRole: Data collectionRole: Data analysisRole: Manuscript writingRole: Manuscript revision
                Role: Study designRole: Data collectionRole: Data analysisRole: Manuscript writingRole: Manuscript revision
                Role: Study designRole: Data analysisRole: Manuscript writingRole: Manuscript revision
                Role: Study designRole: Data analysisRole: Manuscript writingRole: Manuscript revision
                Role: Study designRole: Data analysisRole: Manuscript revision
                Role: Study designRole: Data analysisRole: Manuscript writingRole: Manuscript revisionRole: Study supervision
                Journal
                Rev Paul Pediatr
                Rev Paul Pediatr
                rpp
                Revista Paulista de Pediatria
                Sociedade de Pediatria de São Paulo
                0103-0582
                1984-0462
                25 August 2023
                2024
                : 42
                : e2022164
                Affiliations
                [a ]Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. E-mail: sufmg@ 123456yahoo.com.br (S. R. Oliveira)

                Conflict of interests

                The authors declare there is no conflict of interests.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7330-6102
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9621-0664
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3391-2607
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7081-8401
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5530-2346
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7397-6931
                Article
                00414
                10.1590/1984-0462/2024/42/2022164
                10503422
                37646747
                5b3efe05-9db5-4c02-8932-8ef7836441b8

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

                History
                : 19 August 2022
                : 04 April 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 30
                Categories
                Original Article

                infant premature,child development,cognition,cognition disorders,prematuro,desenvolvimento infantil,cognição,transtornos cognitivos

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