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      Normative data on the subjective gustatory function of Chinese adults Translated title: Datos normativos de la función gustativa subjetiva en adultos chinos

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          Abstract

          Abstract Purpose: the study aims to assess the gustatory function of healthy Chinese adults with the whole-mouth test based on five basic tastants, including umami taste. Methods: the study recruited 464 participants reporting a normal sense of smell/taste (227 females and 237 males with an age range of 19-65 years). A drop (approximately 0.1 mL) of liquid tastant was applied on the anterior third of the extended tongue of each subject. The taste solutions involved 5 tastants (sour, sweet, salty, umami, and bitter) and 7 concentrations. Taste perception scores and recognition scores of the five basic tastants were obtained with this whole-mouth taste method. Results: total taste score of recognition showed a significant negative correlation with age. The elder group (51-65 years) had the lowest scores. The 10th percentile of total taste score of recognition in the group of 36 to 50 years was used to distinguish normogeusic subjects from hypogeusic subjects. The perception scores and recognition scores of females were higher than those of males. The perception and recognition scores of salty, umami, and bitter for females were high than those for males. Total taste score of recognition for non-smokers was significantly higher than that of smokers. The whole-mouth method showed a high test-retest reliability with an intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) from 0.774 to 0.833. Conclusion: this whole-mouth method is simple and time-saving and can be easily adjusted to obtain reliable data. The gustatory function was significantly negatively correlated with age. Females were more sensitive to the sour, salty, umami and bitter tastes than males. The gustatory function of non-smokers was more sensitive.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Propósito: el estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la función gustativa de adultos chinos sanos con la prueba de boca completa basada en cinco saborizantes básicos, incluido el sabor umami. Métodos: el estudio reclutó a 464 participantes que informaron tener un sentido del olfato/gusto normal (227 mujeres y 237 hombres con un rango de edad de 19 a 65 años). Se aplicó una gota (aproximadamente 0,1 ml) de saborizante líquido en el tercio anterior de la lengua extendida de cada sujeto. Las soluciones de sabor incluyeron 5 saborizantes (ácido, dulce, salado, umami y amargo) y 7 concentraciones. Los puntajes de percepción del gusto y los puntajes de reconocimiento de los cinco saborizantes básicos se obtuvieron con este método de sabor de boca completa. Resultados: la puntuación total de reconocimiento del gusto mostró una correlación negativa significativa con la edad. El grupo de ancianos (51-65 años) tuvo las puntuaciones más bajas. Se utilizó el percentil 10 de la puntuación total de reconocimiento del gusto en el grupo de 36 a 50 años para distinguir a los sujetos normogéusicos de los hipogéusicos. Los puntajes de percepción y los puntajes de reconocimiento de las mujeres fueron más altos que los de los hombres. Los umbrales de percepción y reconocimiento de salado, umami y amargo de las mujeres fueron más bajos que los de los hombres. La puntuación total de reconocimiento del gusto de los no fumadores fue significativamente más alta que la de los fumadores. El método de boca completa mostró una alta fiabilidad test-retest con un coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI) de 0,774 a 0,833. Conclusión: este método de boca completa es simple, ahorra tiempo y se puede ajustar fácilmente para obtener datos confiables. La función gustativa se correlacionó significativamente de forma negativa con la edad. Las mujeres fueron más sensibles a los sabores agrio, salado, umami y amargo que los varones. La función gustativa fue más sensible en los no fumadores.

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          Most cited references32

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          Quantitative assessment of gustatory function in a clinical context using impregnated "taste strips".

          Assessment of gustatory sensitivity in a clinical setting is the prerequisite for correct diagnosis and adequate treatment of taste dysfunction. Despite of this, no taste test has been established for the routine clinical testing. The aim of the present study was to create a protocol which is easy to administer. The presently used technique is based on strips made from filter paper which were impregnated with different taste solutions (four concentrations each for sweet, sour, salty and bitter). These strips are placed on the tongue and subjects are asked to identify the taste quality. After establishing the concentration range of the taste solutions, the test was tried in 69 subjects. Each subject received eighteen taste strips (four concentrations of each taste quality plus two blanks) in a pseudo-randomized sequence. Results from this new procedure correlated significantly with the results of the well established extensive three-drop-technique (r69 = 0.67). Repeated measures indicated good reproducibility of the results for the taste strips (r69 = 0.68). These data suggest the usefulness of this new technique in routine clinical practice. Major advantages are long shelf-life, convenience of administration, short time needed for testing (approximately 8 min), and the possibility to test each side of the tongue separately.
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            Umami and food palatability.

            Umami is the term that identifies the taste of substances such as L-glutamate salts, which were discovered by Ikeda in 1908. Umami is an important taste element in natural foods; it is the main taste in the Japanese stock "dashi," and in bouillon and other stocks in the West. The umami taste has characteristic qualities that differentiate it from other tastes, including a taste-enhancing synergism between two umami compounds, L-glutamate and 5'-ribonucleotides, and a prolonged aftertaste. The key qualitative and quantitative features of umami are reviewed in this paper. The continued study of the umami taste will help to further our general understanding of the taste process and improve our knowledge of how the taste properties of foods contribute to appropriate food selection and good nutrition.
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              Prevalence and Risk Factors of Self-Reported Smell and Taste Alterations: Results from the 2011-2012 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).

              Chemosensory problems challenge health through diminished ability to detect warning odors, consume a healthy diet, and maintain quality of life. We examined the prevalence and associated risk factors of self-reported chemosensory alterations in 3603 community-dwelling adults (aged 40+ years), from the nationally representative, US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2012. In this new NHANES component, technicians surveyed adults in the home about perceived smell and taste problems, distortions, and diminished abilities since age 25 (termed "alterations"), and chemosensory-related health risks and behaviors. The prevalence of self-reported smell alteration was 23%, including phantosmia at 6%; taste was 19%, including dysgeusia at 5%. Prevalence rates increased progressively with age, highest in those aged 80+ years (smell, 32%; taste, 27%). In multivariable logistic regression, controlling for sociodemographics, health behaviors, and chemosensory-related conditions, the strongest independent risk factor for smell alteration was sinonasal symptoms (odds ratio [OR] = 2.06; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.63-2.61), followed by heavy drinking, loss of consciousness from head injury, family income ≤110% poverty threshold, and xerostomia. For taste, the strongest risk factor was xerostomia (OR = 2.65; 95% CI: 1.97-3.56), followed by nose/facial injury, lower educational attainment, and fair/poor health. Self-reported chemosensory alterations are prevalent in US adults, supporting increased attention to decreasing their modifiable risks, managing safety/health consequences, and expanding chemosensory screening/testing and treatments.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                April 2022
                : 39
                : 2
                : 398-404
                Affiliations
                [2] Beijing orgnameCapital Institute of Pediatrics orgdiv1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery People's Republic of China
                [1] Beijing orgnameCapital Medical University orgdiv1Beijing Anzhen Hospital orgdiv2Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery People's Republic of China
                Article
                S0212-16112022000200020 S0212-1611(22)03900200020
                10.20960/nh.03769
                5b489827-cd89-482e-83af-338ce235547b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 07 July 2021
                : 02 October 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 32, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Original Papers

                Función gustativa,Umami,Percepción,Reconocimiento,Adultos chinos,Gustatory function,Perception,Recognition,Chinese adult

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