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      Agriculture, Food Systems, and Nutrition: Meeting the Challenge

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          Abstract

          Malnutrition is a global challenge with huge social and economic costs; nearly every country faces a public health challenge, whether from undernutrition, overweight/obesity, and/or micronutrient deficiencies. Malnutrition is a multisectoral, multi‐level problem that results from the complex interplay between household and individual decision‐making, agri‐food, health, and environmental systems that determine access to services and resources, and related policy processes. This paper reviews the theory and recent qualitative evidence (particularly from 2010 to 2016) in the public health and nutrition literature, on the role that agriculture plays in improving nutrition, how food systems are changing rapidly due to globalization, trade liberalization, and urbanization, and the implications this has for nutrition globally. The paper ends by summarizing recommendations that emerge from this research related to (i) knowledge, evidence, and communications, (ii) politics, governance, and policy, and (iii) capacity, leadership, and financing.

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          A food policy package for healthy diets and the prevention of obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases: the NOURISHING framework.

          K. Allen, C. Hawkes, J. Jewell (2013)
          This paper presents the NOURISHING framework of food policies to promote healthy diets, and uses the framework to summarize the policy actions taken by the Bellagio meeting countries. NOURISHING was developed by WCRF International to formalize a comprehensive policy package that brings together the key domains of action and policy areas. It aims to provide global level recommendations for a comprehensive response, within which policymakers have the flexibility to select specific policy options suitable for their national/local contexts and target populations. It also aims to provide a framework for reporting, categorizing and monitoring policy actions taken around the world, and for systematically categorizing, updating, interpreting and communicating the evidence for policy to policymakers. In this paper we explain the structure for NOURISHING and the rationale behind it. We also use the framework to report on and categorize the policy actions implemented in the Bellagio countries. © 2013 The Authors. Obesity Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the International Association for the Study of Obesity.
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            The politics of reducing malnutrition: building commitment and accelerating progress.

            Nicholas Nisbett, Marthi G Venkatesh Mannar, Purnima Menon … (2013)
            In the past 5 years, political discourse about the challenge of undernutrition has increased substantially at national and international levels and has led to stated commitments from many national governments, international organisations, and donors. The Scaling Up Nutrition movement has both driven, and been driven by, this developing momentum. Harmonisation has increased among stakeholders, with regard to their understanding of the main causes of malnutrition and to the various options for addressing it. The main challenges are to enhance and expand the quality and coverage of nutrition-specific interventions, and to maximise the nutrition sensitivity of more distal interventions, such as agriculture, social protection, and water and sanitation. But a crucial third level of action exists, which relates to the environments and processes that underpin and shape political and policy processes. We focus on this neglected level. We address several fundamental questions: how can enabling environments and processes be cultivated, sustained, and ultimately translated into results on the ground? How has high-level political momentum been generated? What needs to happen to turn this momentum into results? How can we ensure that high-quality, well-resourced interventions for nutrition are available to those who need them, and that agriculture, social protection, and water and sanitation systems and programmes are proactively reoriented to support nutrition goals? We use a six-cell framework to discuss the ways in which three domains (knowledge and evidence, politics and governance, and capacity and resources) are pivotal to create and sustain political momentum, and to translate momentum into results in high-burden countries. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Income-specific trends in obesity in Brazil: 1975-2003.

              Barry M. Popkin, João C. Monteiro, Wolney Conde (2007)
              We sought to update income-specific secular trends in obesity in Brazil to assess the hypothesis that the disease burden is shifting toward the poor. We compared overall and income-specific obesity prevalence rates estimated for Brazilian men and women from national surveys conducted in 1975, 1989, and 2003. We calculated age-adjusted prevalence ratios to assess time trends. In the first 14-year period examined (1975-1989), obesity rates among men and women increased by 92% and 63%, respectively, and increases were relatively higher among individuals in lower income groups. In the second 14-year period (1989-2003), there were further increases in obesity among men, and again increases were larger among the poor. In this second period, the obesity rate remained virtually stable in the overall female population, but it increased by 26% among women in the 2 lower income quintiles and decreased by 10% among women in the 3 higher income quintiles. The burden of obesity is shifting toward the poor and can no longer be considered a disease of the socioeconomic elite. Policymakers need to design policy and programs that reach all members of society, but especially the poor.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Stuart Gillespie: s.gillespie@cgiar.org
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Glob Chall
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Glob Chall
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1002/(ISSN)2056-6646
                Journal ID (publisher-id): GCH2
                Title: Global Challenges
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2056-6646
                Publication date (Electronic): 03 March 2017
                Publication date Collection: 17 April 2017
                Volume: 1
                Issue: 3 ( doiID: 10.1002/gch2.v1.3 )
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1600002
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] International Food Policy Research Institute 2033 K Street N.W. Washington DC 20006 USA
                Author notes
                Article
                Publisher ID: GCH2201600002
                DOI: 10.1002/gch2.201600002
                PMC ID: 6607350
                PubMed ID: 31565265
                SO-VID: 5b4ce902-d648-462f-a1cb-1c0ca738837b
                Copyright © © 2017 The Authors. Published by WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
                License:

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 20 October 2016
                Date revision received : 05 January 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 1, Pages: 12, Words: 9313
                Funding
                Funded by: UK government
                Categories
                Subject: Review
                Subject: Reviews
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                component-id gch2201600002
                cover-date April 17, 2017
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:5.6.9 mode:remove_FC converted:26.09.2019

                Keywords: agriculture,food systems,nutrition,south asia,sub‐saharan africa
                Data availability:
                Keywords: agriculture, food systems, nutrition, south asia, sub‐saharan africa

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