For Publishers
DiscoveryMetadataPeer reviewHostingPublishing
For Researchers
JoinPublishReviewCollect
Register
Blog
About
Search
Advanced search
My ScienceOpen
Search
For Publishers
For Researchers
Blog
About
59
views
15
references
 Top references
cited by
79
    
0 reviews
 Review
0
comments
 Comment
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      929
      similar
       All similar
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Rituximab in treatment-resistant CIDP with antibodies against paranodal proteins

      research-article

      Read this article at

      ScienceOpenPublisherPMC
      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Objective:

          To describe the response to rituximab in patients with treatment-resistant chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) with antibodies against paranodal proteins and correlate the response with autoantibody titers.

          Methods:

          Patients with CIDP and IgG4 anti–contactin-1 (CNTN1) or anti–neurofascin-155 (NF155) antibodies who were resistant to IV immunoglobulin and corticosteroids were treated with rituximab and followed prospectively. Immunocytochemistry was used to detect anti-CNTN1 and anti-NF155 antibodies and ELISA with human recombinant CNTN1 and NF155 proteins was used to determine antibody titers.

          Results:

          Two patients had a marked improvement; another patient improved slightly after 10 years of stable, severe disease; and the fourth patient had an ischemic stroke unrelated to treatment and was lost to follow-up. Autoantibodies decreased in all patients after rituximab treatment.

          Conclusions:

          Rituximab treatment is an option for patients with CIDP with IgG4 anti-CNTN1/NF155 antibodies who are resistant to conventional therapies.

          Classification of evidence:

          This study provides Class IV evidence that rituximab is effective for patients with treatment-resistant CIDP with IgG4 anti-CNTN1 or anti-NF155 antibodies.

          Related collections

          Most cited references15

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Antibodies to contactin-1 in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy.

          Luis Querol, Gisela Nogales-Gadea, Ricard Rojas-García … (2013)
          Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) is a frequent autoimmune neuropathy with a heterogeneous clinical spectrum. Clinical and experimental evidence suggests that autoantibodies may be involved in its pathogenesis, but the target antigens are unknown. Axoglial junction proteins have been proposed as candidate antigens. We examined the reactivity of CIDP patients' sera against neuronal antigens and used immunoprecipitation for antigen unraveling. Primary cultures of hippocampal neurons were used to select patients' sera that showed robust reactivity with the cell surface of neurons. The identity of the antigens was established by immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry, and subsequently confirmed with cell-based assays, immunohistochemistry with teased rat sciatic nerve, and immunoabsorption experiments. Four of 46 sera from patients with CIDP reacted strongly against hippocampal neurons (8.6%) and paranodal structures on peripheral nerve. Two patients' sera precipitated contactin-1 (CNTN1), and 1 precipitated both CNTN1 and contactin-associated protein 1 (CASPR1). Reactivity against CNTN1 was confirmed in 2 cases, whereas the third reacted only when CNTN1 and CASPR1 were cotransfected. No other CIDP patient or any of the 104 controls with other neurological diseases tested positive. All 3 patients shared common clinical features, including advanced age, predominantly motor involvement, aggressive symptom onset, early axonal involvement, and poor response to intravenous immunoglobulin. Antibodies against the CNTN1/CASPR1 complex occur in a subset of patients with CIDP who share common clinical features. The finding of this biomarker may help to explain the symptoms of these patients and the heterogeneous response to therapy in CIDP. Copyright © 2012 American Neurological Association.
          Article 0 comments Cited 121 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Rituximab for the treatment of IgG4-related disease: lessons from 10 consecutive patients.

            Arezou Khosroshahi, Mollie Carruthers, Vikram Deshpande … (2011)
            Patients with IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) typically have elevated serum concentrations of IgG4 and share histopathologic features that are similar across affected organ(s). IgG4-RD patients frequently require prolonged treatment with glucocorticoids and are often unable to taper these medications. Traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are generally ineffective. We assessed the clinical and serologic responses to B lymphocyte depletion therapy in 10 consecutive patients with steroid- and DMARD-refractory IgG4-RD.Ten patients with IgG4-RD were treated with rituximab (RTX) (2 infusions of 1000 mg, 15 days apart). Clinical improvement was assessed by monitoring the patient's ability to taper prednisone to discontinuation and to stop DMARDs; by serial measurements of total IgG and IgG subclasses; and by follow-up radiologic assessments guided by the patient's particular pattern of organ involvement. We also developed and retrospectively applied the IgG4-RD Disease Activity Index and Flare Tool.Organ involvement included the pancreas, biliary tree, aorta, salivary glands (submandibular and parotid), lacrimal glands, lymph nodes, thyroid gland, and retroperitoneum. Nine of 10 patients demonstrated striking clinical improvement within 1 month of starting RTX. One patient with advanced thyroid fibrosis associated with Riedel thyroiditis and a history of disease in multiple other organ systems did not have improvement in the thyroid gland, but the disease did not progress to involve new organs. All 10 patients were able to discontinue prednisone and DMARDs following RTX therapy. Significant decreases in IgG concentrations were observed for the IgG4 subclass only. Four patients were re-treated with RTX after 6 months because of either symptom recurrence and increasing IgG4 concentration at the time of peripheral B cell reconstitution (n = 2) or because of physician discretion (n = 2). Repeated courses of RTX maintained their effectiveness and resulted in further decreases in IgG4 concentrations. In patients who had an increased IgG4 concentration at the time of presentation, the level of serum IgG4 appeared to be a reliable measure of disease activity.IgG4-RD is an idiopathic, multiorgan inflammatory disease in which diverse organ manifestations are linked by characteristic histopathologic and immunohistochemical features. Treatment with RTX led to prompt clinical and serologic improvement in refractory IgG4-RD in all patients with active inflammation. Serial treatments with RTX may lead to progressive declines in serum IgG4 concentrations and better disease control. Serum IgG4 concentrations may remain low, and clinical disease activity may remain quiescent even after B cell reconstitution in a significant proportion of patients.
            Article 0 comments Cited 117 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Long-lasting treatment effect of rituximab in MuSK myasthenia.

              Julio Juárez, C Mazia, L Querol … (2012)
              Rituximab has emerged as an efficacious option for drug-resistant myasthenia gravis (MG). However, reports published only describe the short-term follow-up of patients treated and little is known about their long-term clinical and immunologic evolution. Our objective was to report the clinical and immunologic long-term follow-up of 17 patients (6 MuSK+MG and 11 AChR+MG) and compare the response between AChR+MG and MuSK+MG patients. Myasthenia Gravis Foundation America postintervention status and changes in treatment and antibody titers were periodically determined. Lymphocyte subpopulations, total immunoglobulin, immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-MuSK subclasses, and anti-tetanus toxoid IgG before and after treatment were also studied. After a mean post-treatment period of 31 months, 10 of the AChR+MG patients improved but 6 of them needed reinfusions. In contrast, all MuSK+MG patients achieved a remission (4/6) or minimal manifestations (2/6) status and no reinfusions were needed. Consequently, in the MuSK+MG group, prednisone doses were significantly reduced and concomitant immunosuppressants could be withdrawn. Clinical improvement was associated with a significant decrease in the antibody titers only in the 6 MuSK+MG patients. At last follow-up MuSK antibodies were negative in 3 of these patients and showed a decrease of over 80% in the other 3. In view of the long-lasting benefit observed in MuSK+MG patients, we recommend to use rituximab as an early therapeutic option in this group of patients with MG if they do not respond to prednisone. This study provides Class IV evidence that IV rituximab improves the clinical and immunologic status of patients with MuSK+MG.
              Article 0 comments Cited 111 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
                Bookmark
                All references

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Luis Querol:
                Comment :

                Scientific Advisory Boards:

                1. NONE

                Gifts:

                1. NONE

                Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

                1. (1) Bayer-Schering, travel grant

                Editorial Boards:

                1. NONE

                Patents:

                1. NONE

                Publishing Royalties:

                1. NONE

                Employment, Commercial Entity:

                1. NONE

                Consultancies:

                1. NONE

                Speakers' Bureaus:

                1. NONE

                Other Activities:

                1. NONE

                Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Commercial Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Government Entities:

                1. (1) Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Subprograma Juan Rodes, FIS JR13/00014

                Research Support, Academic Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

                1. NONE

                License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

                1. NONE

                Legal Proceedings:

                1. NONE

                Ricard Rojas-García:
                Comment :

                Scientific Advisory Boards:

                1. Serving on a scientific Advisory Board, Familial Amyloid Neuropathy, from Commercial entity, Pfizer.

                Gifts:

                1. NONE

                Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

                1. NONE

                Editorial Boards:

                1. NONE

                Patents:

                1. NONE

                Publishing Royalties:

                1. NONE

                Employment, Commercial Entity:

                1. NONE

                Consultancies:

                1. NONE

                Speakers' Bureaus:

                1. NONE

                Other Activities:

                1. NONE

                Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Commercial Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Government Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Academic Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

                1. NONE

                License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

                1. NONE

                Legal Proceedings:

                1. NONE

                Jordi Diaz-Manera:
                Comment :

                Scientific Advisory Boards:

                1. NONE

                Gifts:

                1. NONE

                Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

                1. Genzyme, speaker honoraria and travel grant

                Editorial Boards:

                1. NONE

                Patents:

                1. NONE

                Publishing Royalties:

                1. NONE

                Employment, Commercial Entity:

                1. NONE

                Consultancies:

                1. NONE

                Speakers' Bureaus:

                1. NONE

                Other Activities:

                1. NONE

                Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Commercial Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Government Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Academic Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

                1. NONE

                License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

                1. NONE

                Legal Proceedings:

                1. NONE

                Joseba Barcena:
                Comment :

                Scientific Advisory Boards:

                1. NONE

                Gifts:

                1. NONE

                Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

                1. NONE

                Editorial Boards:

                1. NONE

                Patents:

                1. NONE

                Publishing Royalties:

                1. NONE

                Employment, Commercial Entity:

                1. NONE

                Consultancies:

                1. NONE

                Speakers' Bureaus:

                1. NONE

                Other Activities:

                1. NONE

                Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Commercial Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Government Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Academic Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

                1. NONE

                License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

                1. NONE

                Legal Proceedings:

                1. NONE

                Julio Pardo:
                Comment :

                Scientific Advisory Boards:

                1. NONE

                Gifts:

                1. NONE

                Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

                1. NONE

                Editorial Boards:

                1. NONE

                Patents:

                1. NONE

                Publishing Royalties:

                1. NONE

                Employment, Commercial Entity:

                1. NONE

                Consultancies:

                1. NONE

                Speakers' Bureaus:

                1. NONE

                Other Activities:

                1. NONE

                Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Commercial Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Government Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Academic Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

                1. NONE

                License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

                1. NONE

                Legal Proceedings:

                1. NONE

                Angel Ortega-Moreno:
                Comment :

                Scientific Advisory Boards:

                1. NONE

                Gifts:

                1. NONE

                Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

                1. NONE

                Editorial Boards:

                1. NONE

                Patents:

                1. NONE

                Publishing Royalties:

                1. NONE

                Employment, Commercial Entity:

                1. NONE

                Consultancies:

                1. NONE

                Speakers' Bureaus:

                1. NONE

                Other Activities:

                1. NONE

                Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Commercial Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Government Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Academic Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

                1. NONE

                License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

                1. NONE

                Legal Proceedings:

                1. NONE

                Maria Jose Sedano:
                Comment :

                Scientific Advisory Boards:

                1. NONE

                Gifts:

                1. NONE

                Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

                1. NONE

                Editorial Boards:

                1. NONE

                Patents:

                1. NONE

                Publishing Royalties:

                1. NONE

                Employment, Commercial Entity:

                1. NONE

                Consultancies:

                1. NONE

                Speakers' Bureaus:

                1. NONE

                Other Activities:

                1. NONE

                Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Commercial Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Government Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Academic Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

                1. NONE

                License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

                1. NONE

                Legal Proceedings:

                1. NONE

                Laia Seró-Ballesteros:
                Comment :

                Scientific Advisory Boards:

                1. NONE

                Gifts:

                1. NONE

                Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

                1. NONE

                Editorial Boards:

                1. NONE

                Patents:

                1. NONE

                Publishing Royalties:

                1. NONE

                Employment, Commercial Entity:

                1. NONE

                Consultancies:

                1. NONE

                Speakers' Bureaus:

                1. NONE

                Other Activities:

                1. NONE

                Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Commercial Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Government Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Academic Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

                1. NONE

                License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

                1. NONE

                Legal Proceedings:

                1. NONE

                Alejandra Carvajal:
                Comment :

                Scientific Advisory Boards:

                1. NONE

                Gifts:

                1. NONE

                Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

                1. NONE

                Editorial Boards:

                1. NONE

                Patents:

                1. NONE

                Publishing Royalties:

                1. NONE

                Employment, Commercial Entity:

                1. NONE

                Consultancies:

                1. NONE

                Speakers' Bureaus:

                1. NONE

                Other Activities:

                1. NONE

                Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Commercial Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Government Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Academic Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

                1. NONE

                License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

                1. NONE

                Legal Proceedings:

                1. NONE

                Nicolau Ortiz:
                Comment :

                Scientific Advisory Boards:

                1. NONE

                Gifts:

                1. NONE

                Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

                1. NONE

                Editorial Boards:

                1. NONE

                Patents:

                1. NONE

                Publishing Royalties:

                1. NONE

                Employment, Commercial Entity:

                1. NONE

                Consultancies:

                1. NONE

                Speakers' Bureaus:

                1. NONE

                Other Activities:

                1. NONE

                Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Commercial Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Government Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Academic Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

                1. NONE

                License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

                1. NONE

                Legal Proceedings:

                1. NONE

                Eduard Gallardo:
                Comment :

                Scientific Advisory Boards:

                1. NONE

                Gifts:

                1. NONE

                Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

                1. NONE

                Editorial Boards:

                1. NONE

                Patents:

                1. (1)TITLE: Blood-Based Assay for Dysferlinopathies INVENTORS (By order of signature): RH Brown, MF Ho, I Illa, E Gallardo N?: 7,172,858 PRIORITY COUNTRY: United States PRIORITY DATE: February 6th, 2007 ENTITY: Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston/ Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona XTENDED TO COUNTRIES: CANADA, JAPAN COMPANIES EXPLOITING IT: Athena Diagnostics, Worcester, USA

                Publishing Royalties:

                1. NONE

                Employment, Commercial Entity:

                1. NONE

                Consultancies:

                1. NONE

                Speakers' Bureaus:

                1. NONE

                Other Activities:

                1. NONE

                Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Commercial Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Government Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Academic Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

                1. NONE

                License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

                1. NONE

                Legal Proceedings:

                1. NONE

                Isabel Illa:
                Comment :

                Scientific Advisory Boards:

                1. NONE

                Gifts:

                1. NONE

                Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

                1. Genzyme. Travel grant.

                Editorial Boards:

                1. Neurologia, advisory board.

                Patents:

                1. Dysferlin detection in monocytes. Athena Labs.

                Publishing Royalties:

                1. NONE

                Employment, Commercial Entity:

                1. NONE

                Consultancies:

                1. Grifols (commercial entity).

                Speakers' Bureaus:

                1. NONE

                Other Activities:

                1. NONE

                Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Commercial Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Government Entities:

                1. (1) FIS (Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias), ISCIII, Ministry of Healthe (Spain), 13/00937, 3 years.

                Research Support, Academic Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

                1. (1) Fundacion Gemio

                Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

                1. NONE

                License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

                1. NONE

                Legal Proceedings:

                1. NONE

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm
                Journal ID (hwp): nnn
                Journal ID (publisher-id): NEURIMMINFL
                Title: Neurology® Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation
                Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (Hagerstown, MD )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2332-7812
                Publication date (Electronic): 03 September 2015
                Publication date Collection: October 2015
                Publication date PMC-release: 03 September 2015
                Volume: 2
                Issue: 5
                Electronic Location Identifier: e149
                Affiliations
                From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.Q., R.R.-G., J.D.-M., E.G., I.I.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro para la Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (L.Q., R.R.-G., J.D.-M., E.G., I.I.), CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Neurology Department (J.B.), Hospital Universitario de Cruces, Universidad del País Vasco, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.O.-M., A.C.), Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.), University Hospital “Marqués de Valdecilla” (IFIMAV) and University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Department of Neurology (L.S.-B.), Hospital Univeristari Vall d'Hebrón, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Neurology (UHN) (N.O.), Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.
                Author notes
                Correspondence to Prof. Illa: iilla@ 123456santpau.cat

                Funding information and disclosures are provided at the end of the article. Go to Neurology.org/nn for full disclosure forms. The Article Processing Charge was paid by Institut Recerca Sant Pau.

                Article
                Publisher ID: NEURIMMINFL2015006296
                DOI: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000149
                PMC ID: 4561230
                PubMed ID: 26401517
                SO-VID: 5b709802-f9e8-4807-a63c-54b31789396a
                Copyright © © 2015 American Academy of Neurology
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially.

                History
                Date received : 18 May 2015
                Date accepted : 15 July 2015
                Categories
                Subject: 324
                Subject: 183
                Subject: Article
                Custom metadata
                OPEN-ACCESS TRUE
                special-property triangle

                Data availability:

                Comments

                Comment on this article

                scite_

                Similar content929

                See all similar

                Cited by78

                See all cited by

                Most referenced authors245

                See all reference authors