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      Grandes alcances de los RNAs pequeños RNA de interferencia y microRNA Translated title: Great potential of small RNas: RNA interference and microRNA

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          Abstract

          El RNA de doble cadena puede inducir un silenciamiento secuencia-específico en eucarionte. Este proceso de silenciamiento se inicia cuando el RNAdc largo es procesado a RNA pequeño de 21 a 26 nucleótidos mediante la enzima RNAsa III Dicer. Estos RNA pequeños se incorporan a complejos efectores de silenciamiento, que son guiados a secuencias complementarias blanco. Existen diferentes tipos de silenciamiento, cuyas diferencias se basan principalmente en la naturaleza de la secuencia blanco y en la composición proteica de los complejos efectores. La ruta del RNA de interferencia (RNAi) se inicia cuando Dicer genera pequeños RNA de interferencia (siRNA) que se unen por complementariedad al mRNA para su degradación, utilizando el complejo RISC. De manera natural, los siRNA se originan de transposones y virus que producen RNAdc durante su replicación, así como también de otras secuencias repetidas transcritas bidireccionalmente. Algunas de las enzimas que conforman la maquinaria del RNAi como Dicer, entre otras, son codificadas por familias multigénicas en varias especies y también participan en otros mecanismos de silenciamiento mediado por RNA. Los microRNA son otros RNA pequeños que pueden inducir silenciamiento al unirse al mRNA. Éstos se generan de manera general cuando Dicer procesa estructuras de horquilla compuestas de regiones no codificantes, en genomas de plantas y animales. Los miRNA se incorporan a un complejo similar a RISC y, dependiendo de su grado de complementariedad con el mRNA blanco, pueden tener represión traduccional o bien digerir el mRNA. El silenciamiento mediado por miRNA es esencial para el desarrollo de plantas y animales. La inducción artificial del RNAi mediante siRNA o miRNA ha sido adoptada como una herramienta para inactivar la expresión génica, tanto en células en cultivo como en organismos vivos. En esta revisión se muestra el gran progreso en el entendimiento de los mecanismos que participan en la regulación génica mediada por RNA en animales y detalla algunos esfuerzos actuales para encauzar a estos mecanismos como una herramienta en la investigación y como posible terapia en enfermedades.

          Translated abstract

          Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) induces a sequence-specific silencing in eukaryotic cells. This silencing process beggins when long dsRNA is cleaved to 21 to 26 long small RNA by means of the RNAse III-type enzyme Dicer. These small dsRNA are included into silencing effector complexes, that are targeted to complementary sequences. Small RNA dependent gene silencing can be achieved by distinct mechanisms based depending mainly on the nature of target sequences and on the proteins present in the effector complex. The route of interference RNA (RNAi) begins when Dicer yields small interference RNA (siR-NA) that bind to complementary mRNA for its degradation, forming the RISC complex. siRNA are naturally formed from transposons and dsRNA viruses during its replication, as well as from other bidirectional transcribed repetitive sequences. Some of the enzymes thar are part of the RNAi machinery, including Dicer, are encoded by multigene families in many species, that also play a role in other mechanisms of RND-dependent gene silencing. MicroRNA's (miRNA) are other small RNA's that can induce gene silencing at the mRNA level. These are formed in a general manner when Dicer process hairpin structures resulting from the transcription of non-coding sequences from plant and animal genomes. miRNA's are integrated into a RISC-like complex, after which, depending on their degree of complementarity with target mRNA, can either repress translation or induce mRNA degradation. miRNA-dependent silencing is essential for the development of multicellular organisms. Artificial RNAi induction by means of siRNA or miRNA is being used as a tool to inactivate gene expression in culture cells and in living organisms. This review focuses on the progress in the understanding of the mechanisms involved in gene regulation by RNA in animals and details some current efforts to apply theses phenomena as a tool in research and in the therapeutic of human diseases.

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          Most cited references231

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          Genes and mechanisms related to RNA interference regulate expression of the small temporal RNAs that control C. elegans developmental timing.

          RNAi is a gene-silencing phenomenon triggered by double-stranded (ds) RNA and involves the generation of 21 to 26 nt RNA segments that guide mRNA destruction. In Caenorhabditis elegans, lin-4 and let-7 encode small temporal RNAs (stRNAs) of 22 nt that regulate stage-specific development. Here we show that inactivation of genes related to RNAi pathway genes, a homolog of Drosophila Dicer (dcr-1), and two homologs of rde-1 (alg-1 and alg-2), cause heterochronic phenotypes similar to lin-4 and let-7 mutations. Further we show that dcr-1, alg-1, and alg-2 are necessary for the maturation and activity of the lin-4 and let-7 stRNAs. Our findings suggest that a common processing machinery generates guide RNAs that mediate both RNAi and endogenous gene regulation.
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            Regulation by let-7 and lin-4 miRNAs results in target mRNA degradation.

            MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are approximately 22 nucleotide RNAs that negatively regulate the expression of protein-coding genes. In a present model of miRNA function in animals, miRNAs that form imperfect duplexes with their targets inhibit protein expression without affecting mRNA levels. Here, we report that in C. elegans, regulation by the let-7 miRNA results in degradation of its lin-41 target mRNA, despite the fact that its 3'UTR regulatory sequences can only partially base-pair with the miRNA. Furthermore, lin-14 and lin-28 are targets of the lin-4 miRNA, and we show that the mRNA levels for these protein-coding genes significantly decrease in response to lin-4 expression. This study reveals that mRNAs containing partial miRNA complementary sites can be targeted for degradation in vivo, raising the possibility that regulation at the level of mRNA stability may be more common than previously appreciated for the miRNA pathway.
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              siRNAs can function as miRNAs.

              With the discovery of RNA interference (RNAi) and related phenomena, new regulatory roles attributed to RNA continue to emerge. Here we show, in mammalian tissue culture, that a short interfering RNA (siRNA) can repress expression of a target mRNA with partially complementary binding sites in its 3' UTR, much like the demonstrated function of endogenously encoded microRNAs (miRNAs). The mechanism for this repression is cooperative, distinct from the catalytic mechanism of mRNA cleavage by siRNAs. The use of siRNAs to study translational repression holds promise for dissecting the sequence and structural determinants and general mechanism of gene repression by miRNAs.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ric
                Revista de investigación clínica
                Rev. invest. clín.
                Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (México, DF, Mexico )
                0034-8376
                August 2006
                : 58
                : 4
                : 335-349
                Affiliations
                [01] México D.F. orgnameCentro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI-IMSS orgdiv1Hospital de Oncología orgdiv2Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica guelav@ 123456yahoo.com
                Article
                S0034-83762006000400009 S0034-8376(06)05800400009
                5b9947f9-002e-4a29-9958-697104cffe20

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 28 September 2005
                : 07 March 2006
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 139, Pages: 15
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Artículos de revisión

                RNA doble cadena,Cáncer,MicroRNA,RNA de interferencia,Cancer,Interference RNA,Double stranded RNA

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