Newborn admission temperature is a strong predictor of outcomes across all gestations.
Hypothermia immediately after birth remains a worldwide issue and, if prolonged, is
associated with harm. Keeping preterm infants warm is difficult even when recommended
routine thermal care guidelines are followed in the delivery room. To assess the efficacy
and safety of interventions designed for prevention of hypothermia in preterm and/or
low birth weight infants applied within 10 minutes after birth in the delivery room,
compared with routine thermal care or any other single/combination of intervention(s)
also designed for prevention of hypothermia in preterm and/or low birth weight infants
applied within 10 minutes after birth in the delivery room. We used the standard search
strategy of Cochrane Neonatal to search the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled
Trials (CENTRAL; 2016, Issue 5), MEDLINE via PubMed (1966 to 30 June 2016), Embase
(1980 to 30 June 2016), and CINAHL (1982 to 30 June 2016). We also searched clinical
trials databases, conference proceedings, and reference lists of retrieved articles
for randomised controlled trials and quasi‐randomised trials. Trials using randomised
or quasi‐randomised allocations to test interventions designed to prevent hypothermia
(apart from 'routine' thermal care) applied within 10 minutes after birth in the delivery
room for infants at < 37 weeks' gestation and/or birth weight ≤ 2500 grams. We used
Cochrane Neonatal methods when performing data collection and analysis. Twenty‐five
studies across 15 comparison groups met the inclusion criteria, categorised as: barriers
to heat loss (18 studies); external heat sources (three studies); and combinations
of interventions (four studies). Barriers to heat loss Plastic wrap or bag versus
routine care Plastic wraps improved core body temperature on admission to the neonatal
intensive care unit (NICU) or up to two hours after birth (mean difference (MD) 0.58°C,
95% confidence interval (CI) 0.50 to 0.66; 13 studies; 1633 infants), and fewer infants
had hypothermia on admission to the NICU or up to two hours after birth (typical risk
ratio (RR) 0.67, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.72; typical risk reduction (RD) ‐0.25, 95% CI ‐0.29
to ‐0.20; number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) 4, 95%
CI 4 to 5; 10 studies; 1417 infants). Risk of hyperthermia on admission to the NICU
or up to two hours after birth was increased in infants in the wrapped group (typical
RR 3.91, 95% CI 2.05 to 7.44; typical RD 0.04, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.06; number needed
to treat for an additional harmful outcome (NNTH) 25, 95% CI 17 to 50; 12 studies;
1523 infants), but overall, fewer infants receiving plastic wrap were outside the
normothermic range (typical RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.81; typical RD ‐0.20, 95% CI
‐0.26 to ‐0.15; NNTH 5, 95% CI 4 to 7; five studies; 1048 infants). Evidence was insufficient
to suggest that plastic wraps or bags significantly reduce risk of death during hospital
stay or other major morbidities, with the exception of reducing risk of pulmonary
haemorrhage. Evidence of practices regarding permutations on this general approach
is still emerging and has been based on the findings of only one or two small studies.
External heat sources Evidence is emerging on the efficacy of external heat sources,
including skin‐to‐skin care (SSC) versus routine care (one study; 31 infants) and
thermal mattress versus routine care (two studies; 126 infants). SSC was shown to
be effective in reducing risk of hypothermia when compared with conventional incubator
care for infants with birth weight ≥ 1200 and ≤ 2199 grams (RR 0.09, 95% CI 0.01 to
0.64; RD ‐0.56, 95% CI ‐0.84 to ‐0.27; NNTB 2, 95% CI 1 to 4). Thermal (transwarmer)
mattress significantly kept infants ≤ 1500 grams warmer (MD 0.65°C, 95% CI 0.36 to
0.94) and reduced the incidence of hypothermia on admission to the NICU, with no significant
difference in hyperthermia risk. Combinations of interventions Two studies (77 infants)
compared thermal mattresses versus plastic wraps or bags for infants at ≤ 28 weeks'
gestation. Investigators reported no significant differences in core body temperature
nor in the incidence of hypothermia, hyperthermia, or core body temperature outside
the normothermic range on admission to the NICU. Two additional studies (119 infants)
compared plastic bags and thermal mattresses versus plastic bags alone for infants
at < 31 weeks' gestation. Meta‐analysis of these two studies showed improvement in
core body temperature on admission to the NICU or up to two hours after birth, but
an increase in hyperthermia. Data show no significant difference in the risk of having
a core body temperature outside the normothermic range on admission to the NICU nor
in the risk of other reported morbidities. Evidence of moderate quality shows that
use of plastic wraps or bags compared with routine care led to higher temperatures
on admission to NICUs with less hypothermia, particularly for extremely preterm infants.
Thermal mattresses and SSC also reduced hypothermia risk when compared with routine
care, but findings are based on two or fewer small studies. Caution must be taken
to avoid iatrogenic hyperthermia, particularly when multiple interventions are used
simultaneously. Limited evidence suggests benefit and no evidence of harm for most
short‐term morbidity outcomes known to be associated with hypothermia, including major
brain injury, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity, necrotising
enterocolitis, and nosocomial infection. Many observational studies have shown increased
mortality among preterm hypothermic infants compared with those who maintain normothermia,
yet evidence is insufficient to suggest that these interventions reduce risk of in‐hospital
mortality across all comparison groups. Hypothermia may be a marker for illness and
poorer outcomes by association rather than by causality. Limitations of this review
include small numbers of identified studies; small sample sizes; and variations in
methods and definitions used for hypothermia, hyperthermia, normothermia, routine
care, and morbidity, along with lack of power to detect effects on morbidity and mortality
across most comparison groups. Future studies should: be adequately powered to detect
rarer outcomes; apply standardised morbidity definitions; focus on longer‐term outcomes,
particularly neurodevelopmental outcomes. Review question: What is known about the
efficacy and safety of interventions designed to prevent hypothermia in preterm and/or
low birth weight babies applied within 10 minutes after birth in the delivery room,
compared with routine thermal care or any other single/combination of intervention(s)?
Background: Preventing low body temperature at birth in preterm and low birth weight
babies may be important for survival and long‐term outcomes. Babies rely on external
help to maintain temperature, particularly in the first 12 hours of life. For vulnerable
babies born preterm or at low birth weight, abnormally low body temperature (hypothermia)
is a worldwide issue across all climates and has been linked to a variety of complications
including death. Preventive action is taken by reducing heat loss and/or providing
warmth through external heat sources. Precautionary steps routinely include ensuring
a warm delivery room; drying immediately after birth, especially the head; wrapping
in prewarmed dry blankets (including the head); prewarming surfaces; and eliminating
draughts. Search date: We used the standard search strategy of the Cochrane Neonatal
Review Group to search CENTRAL (2016, Issue 5), MEDLINE (1966 to 30 June 2016), Embase
(1980 to 30 June 2016), and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature
(CINAHL; 1982 to 30 June 2016). We also searched clinical trials databases, conference
proceedings, and reference lists of retrieved articles for randomised controlled trials
and quasi‐randomised trials. Key results: This review identified 25 studies involving
2433 babies; researchers used additional preventive actions in the first 10 minutes
of life to prevent problems with hypothermia. Use of plastic coverings, heated mattresses,
and skin‐to‐skin contact kept infants warmer (and within normal body temperature ranges)
than routine preventive action. However, care must be taken, particularly when these
methods are combined, to avoid the unintended effect of making babies too warm, which
may be harmful. Limitations consist of small numbers of babies and studies included
in some comparison groups; variations in methods and definitions used for normal body
temperature and routine care; and differences in materials used. Although this review
confirmed that some of these measures are effective in preventing hypothermia, results
across all studies show no reduction in deaths and only limited improvement in short‐term
complications or illnesses normally associated with being too cold. Findings suggest
that perhaps hypothermia is a marker for poorer outcomes, particularly in the most
immature and smallest babies, rather than a direct cause. Review authors recommend
that future studies should be large enough to detect changes for rarer illnesses,
should define these illnesses in the same way so they can be combined across studies,
and should focus on longer‐term consequences. Quality of the evidence: Overall for
the main comparison group (plastic wraps or bags vs routine care), we are moderately
confident that trial results and our conclusions are reliable. Across the remaining
comparison groups, evidence is insufficient to allow firm judgements mainly because
numbers of studies and sample sizes are small. In comparisons of plastic wraps or
bags versus routine care to keep preterm or low birth weight babies warm, we rated
the quality of evidence as moderate for key outcomes. Across outcomes reporting on
babies' regulation of their body temperature, we suspect that some small trials showing
that the intervention did not keep these babies warmer may not have been published,
findings of studies were not in agreement, or evidence was based on small numbers
of studies or events. For major complications of brain injury and bleeding into the
lung (pulmonary haemorrhage), the number of events was too small or findings were
based on only one study. We suspect that some small trials reporting deaths may not
have been published; however this was unlikely to have affected review findings.