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Abstract
A non-linear 3D finite element model of the passive human tibiofemoral knee joint
consisting of two bony structures and their articular cartilage layers, menisci, and
four principal ligaments was used to investigate the detailed response of the unconstrained
joint under up to 100 N posterior femoral force at different flexion angles from 0
to 90 degrees. The analysis was repeated after the transection of the anterior cruciate
ligament (ACL). The boundary conditions were selected to assure a stable and unconstrained
response of the joint throughout the range of motion. The results indicated the ACL
as the primary structure to resist the drawer load throughout the range of flexion
considered and that the joint primary and coupled laxities substantially increased
in its absence. At full extension under drawer, forces in collateral ligaments increased
significantly resulting in larger overall contact forces as the ACL was transected.
In the ACL-deficient joint, such large forces in collateral ligaments, however, diminished
as flexion angle varied from 0 to 90 degrees. At full extension or flexion angles
up to approximately 30 degrees, the medial meniscus and adjacent medial tibial and
femoral cartilage layers were subjected to substantially larger loads and stresses
following the transection of the ACL. Adequate consideration of such couplings is
important in avoiding further damage to joint structures subsequent to an injury and
restoring adequate function following injuries to primary components.