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      Ethnic and diet-related differences in the healthy infant microbiome

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          Abstract

          Background

          The infant gut is rapidly colonized by microorganisms soon after birth, and the composition of the microbiota is dynamic in the first year of life. Although a stable microbiome may not be established until 1 to 3 years after birth, the infant gut microbiota appears to be an important predictor of health outcomes in later life.

          Methods

          We obtained stool at one year of age from 173 white Caucasian and 182 South Asian infants from two Canadian birth cohorts to gain insight into how maternal and early infancy exposures influence the development of the gut microbiota. We investigated whether the infant gut microbiota differed by ethnicity (referring to groups of people who have certain racial, cultural, religious, or other traits in common) and by breastfeeding status, while accounting for variations in maternal and infant exposures (such as maternal antibiotic use, gestational diabetes, vegetarianism, infant milk diet, time of introduction of solid food, infant birth weight, and weight gain in the first year).

          Results

          We demonstrate that ethnicity and infant feeding practices independently influence the infant gut microbiome at 1 year, and that ethnic differences can be mapped to alpha diversity as well as a higher abundance of lactic acid bacteria in South Asians and a higher abundance of genera within the order Clostridiales in white Caucasians.

          Conclusions

          The infant gut microbiome is influenced by ethnicity and breastfeeding in the first year of life. Ethnic differences in the gut microbiome may reflect maternal/infant dietary differences and whether these differences are associated with future cardiometabolic outcomes can only be determined after prospective follow-up.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13073-017-0421-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Most cited references25

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          Dynamics and Stabilization of the Human Gut Microbiome during the First Year of Life.

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            The gut microbiota of rural papua new guineans: composition, diversity patterns, and ecological processes.

            Although recent research revealed an impact of westernization on diversity and composition of the human gut microbiota, the exact consequences on metacommunity characteristics are insufficiently understood, and the underlying ecological mechanisms have not been elucidated. Here, we have compared the fecal microbiota of adults from two non-industrialized regions in Papua New Guinea (PNG) with that of United States (US) residents. Papua New Guineans harbor communities with greater bacterial diversity, lower inter-individual variation, vastly different abundance profiles, and bacterial lineages undetectable in US residents. A quantification of the ecological processes that govern community assembly identified bacterial dispersal as the dominant process that shapes the microbiome in PNG but not in the US. These findings suggest that the microbiome alterations detected in industrialized societies might arise from modern lifestyle factors limiting bacterial dispersal, which has implications for human health and the development of strategies aimed to redress the impact of westernization.
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              Diversity of Bifidobacteria within the Infant Gut Microbiota

              Background The human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) represents one of the most densely populated microbial ecosystems studied to date. Although this microbial consortium has been recognized to have a crucial impact on human health, its precise composition is still subject to intense investigation. Among the GIT microbiota, bifidobacteria represent an important commensal group, being among the first microbial colonizers of the gut. However, the prevalence and diversity of members of the genus Bifidobacterium in the infant intestinal microbiota has not yet been fully characterized, while some inconsistencies exist in literature regarding the abundance of this genus. Methods/Principal Findings In the current report, we assessed the complexity of the infant intestinal bifidobacterial population by analysis of pyrosequencing data of PCR amplicons derived from two hypervariable regions of the 16 S rRNA gene. Eleven faecal samples were collected from healthy infants of different geographical origins (Italy, Spain or Ireland), feeding type (breast milk or formula) and mode of delivery (vaginal or caesarean delivery), while in four cases, faecal samples of corresponding mothers were also analyzed. Conclusions In contrast to several previously published culture-independent studies, our analysis revealed a predominance of bifidobacteria in the infant gut as well as a profile of co-occurrence of bifidobacterial species in the infant’s intestine.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                stearns@mcmaster.ca
                zulyniak@mcmaster.ca
                rdesouz@mcmaster.ca
                natcampb@mcmaster.ca
                mshah@mcmaster.ca
                mshaikh@mcmaster.ca
                searsm@mcmaster.ca
                becker@umanitoba.ca
                mandhane@ualberta.ca
                padmaja.subbarao@sickkids.ca
                sturvey@cw.bc.ca
                mkgupta@rogers.com
                beyene@mcmaster.ca
                surette@mcmaster.ca
                anands@mcmaster.ca
                Journal
                Genome Med
                Genome Med
                Genome Medicine
                BioMed Central (London )
                1756-994X
                29 March 2017
                29 March 2017
                2017
                : 9
                : 32
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8227, GRID grid.25073.33, Department of Medicine, , McMaster University, ; Hamilton, ON Canada
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8227, GRID grid.25073.33, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, , McMaster University, ; Hamilton, ON Canada
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8227, GRID grid.25073.33, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, , McMaster University, ; Hamilton, ON Canada
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9609, GRID grid.21613.37, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, , University of Manitoba, ; Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada
                [5 ]GRID grid.17089.37, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, , University of Alberta, ; Edmonton, Alberta Canada
                [6 ]GRID grid.17063.33, Hospital for Sick Children & Department of Paediatrics, , University of Toronto, ; Toronto, ON Canada
                [7 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2288 9830, GRID grid.17091.3e, BC Children’s Hospital and Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, , University of British Columbia, ; Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
                [8 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0408 1354, GRID grid.413615.4, Population Health Research Institute, , Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, ; Hamilton, Ontario Canada
                Article
                421
                10.1186/s13073-017-0421-5
                5372248
                28356137
                5c24fed1-8251-480e-84dd-a1fbff29c561
                © The Author(s). 2017

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 22 June 2016
                : 4 March 2017
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000024, Canadian Institutes of Health Research;
                Award ID: FH6 129924
                Funded by: Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CA)
                Award ID: INC-109205
                Funded by: Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (CA)
                Award ID: NA7283
                Categories
                Research
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2017

                Molecular medicine
                infant gut microbiome,ethnicity,breastfeeding,diet
                Molecular medicine
                infant gut microbiome, ethnicity, breastfeeding, diet

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