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      El estado nutritivo de la población española. 1860-2010: una aproximación a las diferencias de género y generacionales Translated title: The nutritional status of the Spanish population, 1860-2010: an approach to gender and generational differences

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción: conocemos bien los principales cambios en la dieta y en la ingesta de energía y macronutrientes durante la transición nutricional española (TNE), pero muy poco sobre la ingesta de muchos micronutrientes esenciales y sobre el estado nutritivo de la población. Objetivo: proponer nuevos indicadores de la ingesta de nutrientes y del estado nutritivo en diferentes colectivos durante la TNE, tomando especialmente en consideración los colectivos más vulnerables: mujeres, gestantes y menores de edad. Método: estimamos las necesidades nutritivas de diferentes colectivos de la población española entre 1860 y 2011 según sus características demográficas, antropométricas y laborales y las comparamos con nuevas estimaciones de consumo aparente y real, tomando como referencia las necesidades energéticas de diferentes colectivos. Resultados: desde finales del siglo XIX, y a excepción del periodo 1936-1950, la alimentación de los españoles permitió cubrir cada vez mejor sus necesidades de energía y nutrientes. Esta mejora fue, no obstante, muy lenta y tardía en destacados micronutrientes, y en especial en los menores de edad, mujeres adultas y gestantes. Como en otros países, la ingesta de aquellos recursos acabó resultando excesiva y desequilibrada desde finales del siglo XX. Conclusiones: las disparidades en el estado nutritivo de la población fueron significativas hasta finales del siglo XX. Las mejoras beneficiaron mucho a la población masculina adulta y menos a la población femenina e infantil. Estas deficiencias se concentraron, sobre todo, en micronutrientes esenciales para el crecimiento y la actividad física.El estado nutritivo de la población española. 1860-2010: una aproximación a las diferencias de género y generacionales

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction: the main changes in the diet and the intake of energy and macronutrients as a result of the Nutritional Transition in Spain (NTS) are well known, but the intake of micronutrients and the overall nutritional status of the population are much less well known. Objective: to propose new indicators to estimate the intake of nutrients among different social groups during the NTS, with special attention to vulnerable groups such as women, pregnant women and minors. Method: we estimate the nutritional needs of different social groups in Spain between 1860 and 2011, based on their demographic, anthropometric and professional characteristics, and we compare these results with new estimates of apparent and real consumption, using the energy demands of different groups as reference. Results: From the late 19th century onwards, with the exception of the period 1936-1950, the food intake of the Spanish population has increasingly covered their needs in terms of energy and nutrients. Some micronutrients, however, were only incorporated slowly and late, especially among minors, adult women and pregnant women. As was the case in other countries, the intake of these nutrients from the late 20th century onwards has been excessive and unbalanced. Conclusions: differences in the nutritional state of various social groups remained significant until the late 20th century. Improvements greatly benefited the adult male population, and to a lesser extent the female and infant population. These deficiencies chiefly concerned essential micronutrients for growth and physical activity.

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          Nutritional Patterns and Transitions

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            The nutrition transition in Spain: a European Mediterranean country.

            Mediterranean diets are felt to be healthful diets linked with reduced mortality from diet-related noncommunicable diseases. To examine trends in diet, activity, obesity and diet-related noncommunicable diseases for Spain and compare these with other European countries, particularly those from the Mediterranean area. A combination of large-scale primary and secondary nationally representative data analysis are used. Nationally representative data on household food consumption, physical activity, adult obesity, and cause of death are combined with regionally representative adolescent obesity data, obtained in the last four decades. Comparative diet and obesity data come from nationally representative comparable data, obtained during the same period. The Spanish diet has shifted toward a very high level of fat intake, high fruit and dairy intake and moderate vegetable intake. Dairy and fruit intakes were the highest in Europe, as was the proportion of energy from fat, when we compared with the available data. Adult overweight and obesity trends show a marked increase in the past decade to levels as high as Italy and far above France. Overweight for children aged 6-7 is above that of even the USA, while adolescent overweight levels are among the highest in the world. Cardiovascular disease mortality is low, as with Italy and France, and the cancer mortality rate is lower than Italy and France. We have observed that, in Spain, relatively high obesity prevalences and dairy intake levels are related to much lower levels of cardiovascular disease and cancer mortality than are found in other European countries. This unique Spanish dietary and obesity pattern should be further explored in order to clarify the causal links. The National Institutes of Health (NIH; R01-HD30880 and R01-HD38700).
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              El estado nutritivo de la población española 1900–1970. Análisis de la necesidades y disponibilidades de nutrientes

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                2018
                : 35
                : spe5
                : 11-18
                Affiliations
                [1] Barcelona orgnameUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona orgdiv1Departamento d'Economia i Història Econòmica España
                Article
                S0212-16112018001100002 S0212-1611(18)03500500002
                10.20960/nh.2079
                5c579c27-853e-41b4-84e9-91e63da6cecd

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

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                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 38, Pages: 8
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                SciELO Spain

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                Trabajos Originales

                Dieta,Diet,Minors,Women,Micronutrients,Spain,Nutritional status,Menores,Mujeres,Micronutrientes,España,Estado nutritivo

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