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      ZiBuPiYin recipe improves cognitive decline by regulating gut microbiota in Zucker diabetic fatty rats

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          Abstract

          Numerous researches supported that microbiota can influence behavior and modulate cognitive function through “microbiota-gut-brain” axis. Our previous study has demonstrated that ZiBuPiYin recipe (ZBPYR) possesses excellent pharmacological effects against diabetes-associated cognitive decline. To elucidate the role of ZBPYR in regulating the balance of gut microbiota to improve psychological-stress-induced diabetes-associated cognitive decline (PSDACD), we compared blood glucose, behavioral and cognitive functions and diversity of the bacterial community among experimental groups. The Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats with PSDACD exhibited behavioral and cognitive anomalies showing as increased anxiety- and depression-like behaviors and decreased learning and memory abilities. High-throughput sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene revealed that Roseburia and Coprococcus were decreased in ZDF rats with PSDACD compared with control group. Notably, these changes were reversed by ZBPYR treatment. Our findings indicate that ZBPYR might prevent PSDACD by maintaining the compositions of gut microbiota, which could be developed as a new therapy for T2D with PSDACD.

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          Cognition and diabetes: a lifespan perspective.

          Geert Biessels, Ian Deary, Christopher M. Ryan (2008)
          Diabetes mellitus is associated with cognitive dysfunction and abnormalities that can be seen with brain imaging. Recent studies provide important new insights into the nature and severity of these cerebral complications that help to explain why some patients with diabetes have clinically relevant neurocognitive morbidity, whereas most are apparently unaffected. This Personal View investigates the hypothesis that clinically relevant diabetes-related cognitive decrements mainly occur at two crucial periods in life: when the brain is developing in childhood, and when the brain undergoes neurodegenerative changes associated with ageing. Outside of these periods cognitive decrements mainly occur in patients with notable diabetes-related comorbidities, in particular microvascular or macrovascular complications. The identification of crucial periods and conditions for the development of diabetes-related cognitive decrements helps to draw the attention of physicians to individuals at risk and can direct future studies into the mechanisms that underlie these conditions.
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            Metabolic endotoxemia with obesity: Is it real and is it relevant?

            Nabil Boutagy, Ryan McMillan, Madlyn I. Frisard … (2016)
            Obesity is associated with metabolic derangements in multiple tissues, which contribute to the progression of insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. The underlying stimulus for these metabolic derangements in obesity are not fully elucidated, however recent evidence in rodents and humans suggests that systemic, low level elevations of gut derived endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) may play an important role in obesity related, whole-body and tissue specific metabolic perturbations. LPS initiates a well-characterized signaling cascade that elicits many pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways when bound to its receptor, Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4). Low-grade elevation in plasma LPS has been termed "metabolic endotoxemia" and this state is associated with a heightened pro-inflammatory and oxidant environment often observed in obesity. Given the role of inflammatory and oxidative stress in the etiology of obesity related cardio-metabolic disease risk, it has been suggested that metabolic endotoxemia may serve a key mediator of metabolic derangements observed in obesity. This review provides supporting evidence of mechanistic associations with cell and animal models, and provides complimentary evidence of the clinical relevance of metabolic endotoxemia in obesity as it relates to inflammation and metabolic derangements in humans. Discrepancies with endotoxin detection are considered, and an alternate method of reporting metabolic endotoxemia is recommended until a standardized measurement protocol is set forth.
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              Hippocampal damage and memory impairments as possible early brain complications of type 2 diabetes.

              Antonio Convit, Robert Gold, Bryan Richardson … (2007)
              There is evidence that type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with cognitive impairment. Most studies investigating this association have evaluated elderly individuals, after many years of diabetes, who generally have poor glycaemic control and significant vascular disease. The aim of the current study was to investigate the early cognitive consequences and associated brain correlates of type 2 diabetes. With regard to cognition and brain measures, we compared 23 age-, sex- and education-matched control subjects with 23 mostly middle-aged individuals with relatively well-controlled diabetes of less than 10 years from the time of diagnosis. We found deficits in hippocampal-based memory performance and preservation of other cognitive domains. Relative to control subjects, individuals with diabetes had reductions in brain volumes that were restricted to the hippocampus. There was an inverse relationship between glycaemic control and hippocampal volume; in multivariate regression analysis, HbA(1c) was the only significant predictor of hippocampal volume, accounting for 33% of the observed variance. Other variables commonly associated with type 2 diabetes, such as elevated BMI, hypertension or dyslipidaemia, did not independently contribute to the variance in hippocampal volume. These results suggest that the medial temporal lobe may be the first brain site affected by type 2 diabetes and that individuals in poorer metabolic control may be affected to a greater extent.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Oncotarget
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Oncotarget
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Oncotarget
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ImpactJ
                Title: Oncotarget
                Publisher: Impact Journals LLC
                ISSN (Electronic): 1949-2553
                Publication date Collection: 25 April 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 12 January 2017
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 17
                Pages: 27693-27703
                Affiliations
                1 School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
                2 Basic Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
                3 The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
                4 Institute of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
                5 Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Libin Zhan, zlbnj@ 123456njucm.edu.cn
                Article
                Publisher ID: 14611
                DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14611
                PMC ID: 5438601
                PubMed ID: 28099913
                SO-VID: 5c5a06a4-fa52-43f0-9b7b-72821c039b59
                Copyright © Copyright: © 2017 Gu et al.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 2 September 2016
                Date accepted : 4 January 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Research Paper: Pathology

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy
                Keywords: zibupiyin recipe,diabetes,psychological-stress,cognitive decline,gut microbiota,pathology section
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy
                Keywords: zibupiyin recipe, diabetes, psychological-stress, cognitive decline, gut microbiota, pathology section

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