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      Differences in the emotional conflict task between individuals with high and low social adjustment: An ERP study

      research-article
      1 , 2 , 1 , 3 , 1 , 2 , * , 1 , * , 4 , 1 , on behalf of The Key Research Base for Humanities and Social Sciences of Chongqing
      PLoS ONE
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          Abstract

          To investigate the emotional conflict processing during the processing of emotional stimuli in individuals with different levels of social adjustment through developing an event-related potential (ERP) method, the study used positive words (happy), negative words (disgusted), positive faces and negative faces as experimental materials for a face-word Stroop emotional conflict task, which was completed by 34 participants. For the N2 component, there was a significant difference between the high and low social adjustment groups for the congruent condition; the low social adjustment group evoked more negative amplitude under the congruent condition. Under the incongruent condition, there was a marginally significant difference between the high and low social adjustment groups; the low social adjustment group evoked more negative amplitude under the incongruent condition. For the SP component, there were no significant differences for both the high and low social adjustment group between the congruent and incongruent conditions of emotional conflict. However, within the low social adjustment group, the incongruent evoked more positive amplitude. Our findings indicate that the difference in the emotional conflict process between individuals with high and low social adjustment mainly lies in the early processing stages of emotional information. That is, for both congruent and incongruent emotional stimuli, individuals with high social adjustment showed better emotional conflict monitoring, used less cognitive resources, and had a higher degree of automated processing than those with low social adjustment. During the later stages of emotional conflict processing, individuals with low social adjustment showed poorer conflict processing.

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          Most cited references36

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          Resolving emotional conflict: a role for the rostral anterior cingulate cortex in modulating activity in the amygdala.

          Effective mental functioning requires that cognition be protected from emotional conflict due to interference by task-irrelevant emotionally salient stimuli. The neural mechanisms by which the brain detects and resolves emotional conflict are still largely unknown, however. Drawing on the classic Stroop conflict task, we developed a protocol that allowed us to dissociate the generation and monitoring of emotional conflict from its resolution. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we find that activity in the amygdala and dorsomedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices reflects the amount of emotional conflict. By contrast, the resolution of emotional conflict is associated with activation of the rostral anterior cingulate cortex. Activation of the rostral cingulate is predicted by the amount of previous-trial conflict-related neural activity and is accompanied by a simultaneous and correlated reduction of amygdalar activity. These data suggest that emotional conflict is resolved through top-down inhibition of amygdalar activity by the rostral cingulate cortex.
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            Emotional intelligence and social interaction.

            Two studies found positive relationships between the ability to manage emotions and the quality of social interactions, supporting the predictive and incremental validity of an ability measure of emotional intelligence, the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT). In a sample of 118 American college students (Study 1), higher scores on the managing emotions subscale of the MSCEIT were positively related to the quality of interactions with friends, evaluated separately by participants and two friends. In a diary study of social interaction with 103 German college students (Study 2), managing emotions scores were positively related to the perceived quality of interactions with opposite sex individuals. Scores on this subscale were also positively related to perceived success in impression management in social interactions with individuals of the opposite sex. In both studies, the main findings remained statistically significant after controlling for Big Five personality traits.
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              Making sense of all the conflict: a theoretical review and critique of conflict-related ERPs.

              Cognitive control theory suggests that goal-directed behavior is governed by a dynamic interplay between areas of the prefrontal cortex. Critical to cognitive control is the detection and resolution of competing stimulus or response representations (i.e., conflict). Event-related potential (ERP) research provides a window into the nature and precise temporal sequence of conflict monitoring. We critically review the research on conflict-related ERPs, including the error-related negativity (ERN), Flanker N2, Stroop N450 and conflict slow potential (conflict SP or negative slow wave [NSW]), and provide an analysis of how these ERPs inform conflict monitoring theory. Overall, there is considerable evidence that amplitude of the ERN is sensitive to the degree of response conflict, consistent with a role in conflict monitoring. It remains unclear, however, to what degree contextual, individual, affective, and motivational factors influence ERN amplitudes and how ERN amplitudes are related to regulative changes in behavior. The Flanker N2, Stroop N450, and conflict SP ERPs represent distinct conflict-monitoring processes that reflect conflict detection (N2, N450) and conflict adjustment or resolution processes (N2, conflict SP). The investigation of conflict adaptation effects (i.e., sequence or sequential trial effects) shows that the N2 and conflict SP reflect post-conflict adjustments in cognitive control, but the N450 generally does not. Conflict-related ERP research provides a promising avenue for understanding the effects of individual differences on cognitive control processes in healthy, neurologic and psychiatric populations. Comparisons between the major conflict-related ERPs and suggestions for future studies to clarify the nature of conflict-related neural processes are provided. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysis
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Investigation
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                12 June 2019
                2019
                : 14
                : 6
                : e0217962
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Laboratory of Emotion and Mental Health, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
                [2 ] Center for Mental Health Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
                [3 ] School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
                [4 ] School of Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
                Kochi University of Technology, JAPAN
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                ‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

                ¶ Membership of the Key Research Base for Humanities and Social Sciences of Chongqing is provided in the Acknowledgments.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1404-3557
                Article
                PONE-D-17-29897
                10.1371/journal.pone.0217962
                6561563
                31188850
                5c5e2c00-553a-46bb-a310-6d94547f4b49
                © 2019 Hu et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 22 August 2017
                : 22 May 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 0, Pages: 13
                Funding
                Funded by: Key Project of Key Research Base for Humanities and Social Sciences of Chongqing
                Award ID: 13SKB016
                Award Recipient :
                This work was supported by the Key Project of Key Research Base for Humanities and Social Sciences of Chongqing ‘The Relationship between Mental Health and Social Adjustment of College Students’ (13SKB016). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Besides, there was no additional external funding received for this study.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Psychological Adjustment
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Psychological Adjustment
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Cognitive Science
                Cognition
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                Anatomy
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                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
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                Research and Analysis Methods
                Bioassays and Physiological Analysis
                Electrophysiological Techniques
                Brain Electrophysiology
                Electroencephalography
                Event-Related Potentials
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Electrophysiology
                Neurophysiology
                Brain Electrophysiology
                Electroencephalography
                Event-Related Potentials
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Electrophysiology
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                Electroencephalography
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                Neuroscience
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                Brain Mapping
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                Imaging Techniques
                Neuroimaging
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                Neuroscience
                Neuroimaging
                Electroencephalography
                Event-Related Potentials
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Bioassays and Physiological Analysis
                Electrophysiological Techniques
                Brain Electrophysiology
                Electroencephalography
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Electrophysiology
                Neurophysiology
                Brain Electrophysiology
                Electroencephalography
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Electrophysiology
                Neurophysiology
                Brain Electrophysiology
                Electroencephalography
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Neurophysiology
                Brain Electrophysiology
                Electroencephalography
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Brain Mapping
                Electroencephalography
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Clinical Medicine
                Clinical Neurophysiology
                Electroencephalography
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Imaging Techniques
                Neuroimaging
                Electroencephalography
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
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