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      Spinal cord injury and male infertility—a review of current literature, knowledge gaps, and future research

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          Abstract

          Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects nearly half a million new patients worldwide, with 17,700 in the US each year, and disproportionately impacts young males of reproductive age. Almost every aspect of male reproduction is affected by SCI, resulting in: erectile, endocrine and sexual dysfunction, decreased sperm motility despite an often-normal count, and abnormal semen emission and ejaculation. The aim of this review is to focus on how SCI impacts testicular spermatogenesis, sperm function, semen quality, and overall fecundity while discussing what is not known, and future avenues for research.

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          Traumatic spinal cord injury in the United States, 1993-2012.

          Nitin B Jain, Gregory Ayers, Emily N Peterson … (2015)
          Acute traumatic spinal cord injury results in disability and use of health care resources, yet data on contemporary national trends of traumatic spinal cord injury incidence and etiology are limited.
          Article 0 comments Cited 207 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Physiology of penile erection and pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction.

            Douglas C. Dean, Neal Lue (2005)
            This article reviews the physiology of penile erection, the components of erectile function, and the pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction. The molecular and clinical under-standing of erectile function continues to gain ground at a particularly fast rate. Advances in gene discovery have aided greatly in working knowledge of smooth muscle relaxation/contraction pathways. The understanding of the nitric oxide pathway has aided not only in the molecular understanding of the tumescence but also greatly in the therapy of erectile dysfunction.
            Article 0 comments Cited 141 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Paternal DNA packaging in spermatozoa: more than the sum of its parts? DNA, histones, protamines and epigenetics.

              Martin H Brinkworth, William Iles, David S Miller (2010)
              Haploid male germ cells package their DNA into a volume that is typically 10% or less that of a somatic cell nucleus. To achieve this remarkable level of compaction, spermatozoa replace most of their histones with smaller, highly basic arginine and (in eutherians) cysteine rich protamines. One reason for such a high level of compaction is that it may help optimise nuclear shape and hence support the gametes' swimming ability for the long journey across the female reproductive tract to the oocyte. Super-compaction of the genome may confer additional protection from the effects of genotoxic factors. However, many species including the human retain a fraction of their chromatin in the more relaxed nucleosomal configuration that appears to run counter to the ergonomic, toroidal and repackaging of sperm DNA. Recent research suggests that the composition of this 'residual' nucleosomal compartment, a generally overlooked feature of the male gamete, is far more significant and important than previously thought. In this respect, the transport and incorporation of modified paternal histones by the spermatozoon to the zygote has been demonstrated and indicates another potential paternal effect in the epigenetic reprogramming of the zygote following fertilisation that is independent of imprinting status. In this review, the most recent research into mammalian spermatozoal chromatin composition is discussed alongside evidence for conserved, non-randomly located nucleosomal domains in spermatozoal nuclei, all supporting the hypothesis that the spermatozoon delivers a novel epigenetic signature to the egg that may be crucial for normal development. We also provide some thoughts on why this signature may be required in early embryogenesis.
              Article 0 comments Cited 131 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Transl Androl Urol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Transl Androl Urol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): TAU
                Title: Translational Andrology and Urology
                Publisher: AME Publishing Company
                ISSN (Electronic): 2223-4691
                Publication date (Print and electronic): July 2018
                Publication date (Print): July 2018
                Volume: 7
                Issue: Suppl 3
                Pages: S373-S382
                Affiliations
                [1]Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
                Author notes

                Contributions: (I) Conception and design: All authors; (II) Administrative support: All authors; (III) Provision of study material or patients: All authors; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: All authors; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: All authors; (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors.

                Correspondence to: Ross Anderson, MD, MCR. 30 N 1900 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA. Email: r.anderson@ 123456hsc.utah.edu .
                Article
                Publisher ID: tau-07-S3-S373
                DOI: 10.21037/tau.2018.04.12
                PMC ID: 6087847
                SO-VID: 5ca299a8-3225-4124-b0be-fd6dfc11620c
                Copyright © 2018 Translational Andrology and Urology. All rights reserved.
                History
                Date received : 19 February 2018
                Date accepted : 04 April 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                Keywords: spinal cord injury (sci),male infertility,spermatogenesis
                Data availability:
                Keywords: spinal cord injury (sci), male infertility, spermatogenesis

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