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      130 years of Plant Lectin Research

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          Abstract

          Lectins are proteins with diverse molecular structures that share the ability to recognize and bind specifically and reversibly to carbohydrate structures without changing the carbohydrate moiety. The history of lectins started with the discovery of ricin about 130 years ago but since then our understanding of lectins has dramatically changed. Over the years the research focus was shifted from ‘the characterization of carbohydrate-binding proteins’ to ‘understanding the biological function of lectins’. Nowadays plant lectins attract a lot of attention especially because of their potential for crop improvement and biomedical research, as well as their application as tools in glycobiology. The present review aims to give an overview of plant lectins and their applications, and how the field evolved in the last decades.

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          History of lectins: from hemagglutinins to biological recognition molecules.

          Nathan Sharon, Halina Lis (2004)
          The occurrence in nature of erythrocyte-agglutinating proteins has been known since the turn of the 19th century. By the 1960s it became apparent that such proteins also agglutinate other types of cells, and that many of them are sugar-specific. These cell-agglutinating and sugar-specific proteins have been named lectins. Although shown to occur widely in plants and to some extent also in invertebrates, very few lectins had been isolated until the early 1970s, and they had attracted little attention. This attitude changed with the demonstration that lectins are extremely useful tools for the investigation of carbohydrates on cell surfaces, in particular of the changes that the latter undergo in malignancy, as well as for the isolation and characterization of glycoproteins. In subsequent years numerous lectins have been isolated from plants as well as from microorganisms and animals, and during the past two decades the structures of hundreds of them have been established. Concurrently, it was shown that lectins function as recognition molecules in cell-molecule and cell-cell interactions in a variety of biological systems. Here we present a brief account of 100-plus years of lectin research and show how these proteins have become the focus of intense interest for biologists and in particular for the glycobiologists among them.
          Article 0 comments Cited 180 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Sugars and plant innate immunity.

            Mohammad Moghaddam, W. Van Den Wollenberg (2012)
            Sugars are involved in many metabolic and signalling pathways in plants. Sugar signals may also contribute to immune responses against pathogens and probably function as priming molecules leading to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP)-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity in plants. These putative roles also depend greatly on coordinated relationships with hormones and the light status in an intricate network. Although evidence in favour of sugar-mediated plant immunity is accumulating, more in-depth fundamental research is required to unravel the sugar signalling pathways involved. This might pave the way for the use of biodegradable sugar-(like) compounds to counteract plant diseases as cheaper and safer alternatives for toxic agrochemicals.
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              Plant lectins are potent inhibitors of coronaviruses by interfering with two targets in the viral replication cycle

              Els Keyaerts, Leen Vijgen, Christophe Pannecouque … (2007)
              We describe the antiviral activity of plant lectins with specificity for different glycan structures against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) in vitro. The SARS-CoV emerged in 2002 as an important cause of severe lower respiratory tract infection in humans, and FIPV infection causes a chronic and often fatal peritonitis in cats. A unique collection of 33 plant lectins with different specificities were evaluated. The plant lectins possessed marked antiviral properties against both coronaviruses with EC50 values in the lower microgram/ml range (middle nanomolar range), being non-toxic (CC50) at 50–100 μg/ml. The strongest anti-coronavirus activity was found predominantly among the mannose-binding lectins. In addition, a number of galactose-, N-acetylgalactosamine-, glucose-, and N-acetylglucosamine-specific plant agglutinines exhibited anti-coronaviral activity. A significant correlation (with an r-value of 0.70) between the EC50 values of the 10 mannose-specific plant lectins effective against the two coronaviruses was found. In contrast, little correlation was seen between the activity of other types of lectins. Two targets of possible antiviral intervention were identified in the replication cycle of SARS-CoV. The first target is located early in the replication cycle, most probably viral attachment, and the second target is located at the end of the infectious virus cycle.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Els J. M. Van Damme:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9848-766X
                ElsJM.VanDamme@UGent.be
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Glycoconj J
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Glycoconj. J
                Title: Glycoconjugate Journal
                Publisher: Springer US (New York )
                ISSN (Print): 0282-0080
                ISSN (Electronic): 1573-4986
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 August 2020
                Pages: 1-19
                Affiliations
                GRID grid.5342.0, ISNI 0000 0001 2069 7798, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, , Ghent University, ; Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9848-766X
                Article
                Publisher ID: 9942
                DOI: 10.1007/s10719-020-09942-y
                PMC ID: 7455784
                PubMed ID: 32860551
                SO-VID: 5cc6b052-d994-41dd-b8f9-fb836500adb7
                Copyright © © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
                License:

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                Date received : 19 April 2020
                Date revision received : 12 July 2020
                Date accepted : 21 August 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004385, Universiteit Gent;
                Award ID: BOF15/GOA/005
                Funded by: FWO-Vlaanderen
                Award ID: G006114N
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biochemistry
                Keywords: lectin,plant protection,biomedical application,protein-carbohydrate interaction,glycobiology
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biochemistry
                Keywords: lectin, plant protection, biomedical application, protein-carbohydrate interaction, glycobiology

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