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      Factor Structure, Reliability and Criterion Validity of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ): A Study in Dutch Population and Patient Groups

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          Abstract

          The factor structure of the Dutch translation of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ; a continuous, quantitative measure of autistic traits) was evaluated with confirmatory factor analyses in a large general population and student sample. The criterion validity of the AQ was examined in three matched patient groups (autism spectrum conditions (ASC), social anxiety disorder, and obsessive–compulsive disorder). A two factor model, consisting of a “Social interaction” factor and “Attention to detail” factor could be identified. The internal consistency and test–retest reliability of the AQ were satisfactory. High total AQ and factor scores were specific to ASC patients. Men scored higher than women and science students higher than non-science students. The Dutch translation of the AQ is a reliable instrument to assess autism spectrum conditions.

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          Sex differences in the brain: implications for explaining autism.

          Simon Baron-Cohen, Rebecca C. Knickmeyer, Matthew K Belmonte (2005)
          Empathizing is the capacity to predict and to respond to the behavior of agents (usually people) by inferring their mental states and responding to these with an appropriate emotion. Systemizing is the capacity to predict and to respond to the behavior of nonagentive deterministic systems by analyzing input-operation-output relations and inferring the rules that govern such systems. At a population level, females are stronger empathizers and males are stronger systemizers. The "extreme male brain" theory posits that autism represents an extreme of the male pattern (impaired empathizing and enhanced systemizing). Here we suggest that specific aspects of autistic neuroanatomy may also be extremes of typical male neuroanatomy.
          Article 0 comments Cited 284 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Autism as a strongly genetic disorder: evidence from a British twin study.

            A. Bailey, A Le Couteur, I. Gottesman … (1995)
            Two previous epidemiological studies of autistic twins suggested that autism was predominantly genetically determined, although the findings with regard to a broader phenotype of cognitive, and possibly social, abnormalities were contradictory. Obstetric and perinatal hazards were also invoked as environmentally determined aetiological factors. The first British twin sample has been re-examined and a second total population sample of autistic twins recruited. In the combined sample 60% of monozygotic (MZ) pairs were concordant for autism versus no dizygotic (DZ) pairs; 92% of MZ pairs were concordant for a broader spectrum of related cognitive or social abnormalities versus 10% of DZ pairs. The findings indicate that autism is under a high degree of genetic control and suggest the involvement of multiple genetic loci. Obstetric hazards usually appear to be consequences of genetically influenced abnormal development, rather than independent aetiological factors. Few new cases had possible medical aetiologies, refuting claims that recognized disorders are common aetiological influences.
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              Intergenerational transmission of subthreshold autistic traits in the general population.

              John Constantino, Richard D Todd (2005)
              Autistic disorder (AD) is a disabling oligogenic condition characterized by severe social impairment. Subthreshold autistic social impairments are known to aggregate in the family members of autistic probands; therefore, we conducted this study to examine the intergenerational transmission of such traits in the general population. The Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), a quantitative measure of autistic traits, was completed on 285 pairs of twins (by maternal report) and on their parents (by spouse report). Correlation for social impairment or competence between parents and their children and between spouses was on the order of .4. In families in which both parents scored in the upper quartile for social impairment on the SRS, mean SRS score of offspring was significantly elevated (effect size 1.5). Estimated assortative mating explained approximately 30% of the variation in parent SRS scores. Children from families in which both parents manifest subthreshold autistic traits exhibit a substantial shift in the distribution of their scores for impairment in reciprocal social behavior, toward the pathological end. As has been previously demonstrated in children, heritable subthreshold autistic impairments are measurable in adults and appear continuously distributed in the general population.
              Article 0 comments Cited 170 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                : +44-1223-746060 , +44-1223-746033 , rah58@medschl.cam.ac.uk
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Autism Dev Disord
                Title: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
                Publisher: Springer US (Boston )
                ISSN (Print): 0162-3257
                ISSN (Electronic): 1573-3432
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 February 2008
                Publication date (Print): September 2008
                Volume: 38
                Issue: 8
                Pages: 1555-1566
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
                [2 ]Autism Research Centre, Department of Developmental Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH England, UK
                [3 ]Department of Psychiatry, GGZ Buitenamstel, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
                Article
                Publisher ID: 538
                DOI: 10.1007/s10803-008-0538-x
                PMC ID: 2516538
                PubMed ID: 18302013
                SO-VID: 5cf4cbb3-69ff-4017-ba7c-c26075492461
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2008
                History
                Date received : 8 November 2006
                Date accepted : 2 January 2008
                Categories
                Subject: Original Paper
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2008

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurology
                Keywords: factor analysis,reliability,autism,autism phenotype,validity
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurology
                Keywords: factor analysis, reliability, autism, autism phenotype, validity

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