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      Marine Fungi from the Sponge Grantia compressa: Biodiversity, Chemodiversity, and Biotechnological Potential

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          Abstract

          The emergence of antibiotic resistance and viruses with high epidemic potential made unexplored marine environments an appealing target source for new metabolites. Marine fungi represent one of the most suitable sources for the discovery of new compounds. Thus, the aim of this work was (i) to isolate and identify fungi associated with the Atlantic sponge Grantia compressa; (ii) to study the fungal metabolites by applying the OSMAC approach (one strain; many compounds); (iii) to test fungal compounds for their antimicrobial activities. Twenty-one fungal strains (17 taxa) were isolated from G. compressa. The OSMAC approach revealed an astonishing metabolic diversity in the marine fungus Eurotium chevalieri MUT 2316, from which 10 compounds were extracted, isolated, and characterized. All metabolites were tested against viruses and bacteria (reference and multidrug-resistant strains). Dihydroauroglaucin completely inhibited the replication of influenza A virus; as for herpes simplex virus 1, total inhibition of replication was observed for both physcion and neoechinulin D. Six out of 10 compounds were active against Gram-positive bacteria with isodihydroauroglaucin being the most promising compound (minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) 4–64 µg/mL) with bactericidal activity. Overall, G. compressa proved to be an outstanding source of fungal diversity. Marine fungi were capable of producing different metabolites; in particular, the compounds isolated from E. chevalieri showed promising bioactivity against well-known and emerging pathogens.

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          Most cited references67

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          SequenceMatrix: concatenation software for the fast assembly of multi-gene datasets with character set and codon information

          We present SequenceMatrix, software that is designed to facilitate the assembly and analysis of multi-gene datasets. Genes are concatenated by dragging and dropping FASTA, NEXUS, or TNT files with aligned sequences into the program window. A multi-gene dataset is concatenated and displayed in a spreadsheet; each sequence is represented by a cell that provides information on sequence length, number of indels, the number of ambiguous bases ("Ns"), and the availability of codon information. Alternatively, GenBank numbers for the sequences can be displayed and exported. Matrices with hundreds of genes and taxa can be concatenated within minutes and exported in TNT, NEXUS, or PHYLIP formats, preserving both character set and codon information for TNT and NEXUS files. SequenceMatrix also creates taxon sets listing taxa with a minimum number of characters or gene fragments, which helps assess preliminary datasets. Entire taxa, whole gene fragments, or individual sequences for a particular gene and species can be excluded from export. Data matrices can be re-split into their component genes and the gene fragments can be exported as individual gene files. SequenceMatrix also includes two tools that help to identify sequences that may have been compromised through laboratory contamination or data management error. One tool lists identical or near-identical sequences within genes, while the other compares the pairwise distance pattern of one gene against the pattern for all remaining genes combined. SequenceMatrix is Java-based and compatible with the Microsoft Windows, Apple MacOS X and Linux operating systems. The software is freely available from http://code.google.com/p/sequencematrix/. © The Willi Hennig Society 2010.
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            Big effects from small changes: possible ways to explore nature's chemical diversity.

            Fungi or bacteria that produce secondary metabolites often have the potential to bring up various compounds from a single strain. The molecular basis for this well-known observation was confirmed in the last few years by several sequencing projects of different microorganisms. Besides well-known examples about induction of a selected biosynthesis (for example, by high- or low-phosphate cultivation media), no overview about the potential in this field for finding natural products was given. We have investigated the systematic alteration of easily accessible cultivation parameters (for example, media composition, aeration, culture vessel, addition of enzyme inhibitors) in order to increase the number of secondary metabolites available from one microbial source. We termed this way of revealing nature's chemical diversity the 'OSMAC (One Strain-Many Compounds) approach' and by using it we were able to isolate up to 20 different metabolites in yields up to 2.6 g L(-1) from a single organism. These compounds cover nearly all major natural product families, and in some cases the high production titer opens new possibilities for semisynthetic methods to enhance even more the chemical diversity of selected compounds. The OSMAC approach offers a good alternative to industrial high-throughput screening that focuses on the active principle in a distinct bioassay. In consequence, the detection of additional compounds that might be of interest as lead structures in further bioassays is impossible and clearly demonstrates the deficiency of the industrial procedure. Furthermore, our approach seems to be a useful tool to detect those metabolites that are postulated to be the final products of an amazing number of typical secondary metabolite gene clusters identified in several microorganisms. If one assumes a (more or less) defined reservoir of genetic possibilities for several biosynthetic pathways in one strain that is used for a highly flexible production of secondary metabolites depending on the environment, the OSMAC approach might give more insight into the role of secondary metabolism in the microbial community or during the evolution of life itself.
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              Fungi from marine sponges: diversity, biological activity and secondary metabolites

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Mar Drugs
                Mar Drugs
                marinedrugs
                Marine Drugs
                MDPI
                1660-3397
                11 April 2019
                April 2019
                : 17
                : 4
                : 220
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Turin, Italy; elena.bovio@ 123456unito.it (E.B.); laura.garzoli@ 123456unito.it (L.G.); anna.poli@ 123456unito.it (A.P.)
                [2 ]Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy; anna.luganini@ 123456unito.it (A.L.); giorgio.gribaudo@ 123456unito.it (G.G.)
                [3 ]Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Virology, Department of Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy; p.villa18@ 123456campus.unimib.it (P.V.); rosario.musumeci@ 123456unimib.it (R.M.); clementina.cocuzza@ 123456unimib.it (C.E.C.)
                [4 ]Zoology, Ryan Institute, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland; grace.mccormack@ 123456nuigalway.ie
                [5 ]University Nice Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Nice Institute of Chemistry, UMR 7272, Marine Natural Products Team, 60103 Nice, France
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: mohamed.mehiri@ 123456unice.fr (M.M.); cristina.varese@ 123456unito.it (G.C.V.); Tel.: +33-492-076-154 (M.M.); +39-011-670-5964 (G.C.V.)
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4256-5774
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0143-3601
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1583-9146
                Article
                marinedrugs-17-00220
                10.3390/md17040220
                6520677
                30978942
                5d05ce38-9d76-42e5-ac03-bd30da3b94fe
                © 2019 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 24 December 2018
                : 08 April 2019
                Categories
                Article

                Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                sponges,marine fungi,biodiversity,eurotium chevalieri,osmac,bioactive compounds,antibacterial,antiviral

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