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      Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y frecuencia de acciones para su prevención y control Translated title: Type 2 diabetes and frecuency of prevention and control measures

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          Abstract

          Objetivo. Estimar la frecuencia de medidas de prevención y control para diabetes tipo 2 en población mexicana. Material y métodos. La ENSANUT 2012 es una encuesta con representatividad nacional, con diseño de muestreo probabilístico, multietápico, estratificado y por conglomerados. En este análisis se utilizó la información de 46 277 adultos mayores de 20 años. El análisis se efectuó utilizando Stata 12. Resultados. La prevalencia de diabetes por diagnóstico previo fue de 9.2% (6.4 millones) en la ENSANUT 2012, 7.3% (3.7 millones) en 2006 y 4.6% (2.1 millones) en 2000. En 2012, la media del número de consultas en el último año para control de la diabetes fue de 7.3; no obstante, el porcentaje de revisión de pies (14.6%), oftalmológica (8.6%) y la determinación de HbA1c (9.6%) fue bajo. Conclusiones. Los casos diagnosticados tienen acceso frecuente a la atención médica. Sin embargo, las intervenciones preventivas se aplican en forma insuficiente en cantidad y calidad.

          Translated abstract

          Objective. To determine the frequency of application of prevention and control measures for type 2 diabetes in Mexican population. Materials and methods. ENSANUT 2012 is a nationally and by-state representative survey. Sample design was probabilistic, multistage, stratified and clustered. The information of 46 277 adults≥20 was used for this analysis. A weighted analysis was performed using Stata 12. Results. Prevalence of diabetes by previous diagnosis was 9.2% (6.4 millions) in ENSANUT 2012, 7.3% (3.7 millions) in 2006 and 4.6% (2.1 millions) in 2000. In 2012, the mean of medical examinations in the previous year related to diabetes control was 7.3. However, the percentage of cases in which preventive actions for chronic complications were performed (such as foot care [14.6%], ophthalmology [8.6%] and determination of HbA1c [9.6%]) was low. Conclusions. Patients with diabetes have frequent access to medical services. However, preventive actions are applied insufficiently both in quality and quantity.

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          Most cited references26

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          Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin.

          Type 2 diabetes affects approximately 8 percent of adults in the United States. Some risk factors--elevated plasma glucose concentrations in the fasting state and after an oral glucose load, overweight, and a sedentary lifestyle--are potentially reversible. We hypothesized that modifying these factors with a lifestyle-intervention program or the administration of metformin would prevent or delay the development of diabetes. We randomly assigned 3234 nondiabetic persons with elevated fasting and post-load plasma glucose concentrations to placebo, metformin (850 mg twice daily), or a lifestyle-modification program with the goals of at least a 7 percent weight loss and at least 150 minutes of physical activity per week. The mean age of the participants was 51 years, and the mean body-mass index (the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) was 34.0; 68 percent were women, and 45 percent were members of minority groups. The average follow-up was 2.8 years. The incidence of diabetes was 11.0, 7.8, and 4.8 cases per 100 person-years in the placebo, metformin, and lifestyle groups, respectively. The lifestyle intervention reduced the incidence by 58 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 48 to 66 percent) and metformin by 31 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 17 to 43 percent), as compared with placebo; the lifestyle intervention was significantly more effective than metformin. To prevent one case of diabetes during a period of three years, 6.9 persons would have to participate in the lifestyle-intervention program, and 13.9 would have to receive metformin. Lifestyle changes and treatment with metformin both reduced the incidence of diabetes in persons at high risk. The lifestyle intervention was more effective than metformin.
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            Global Burden of Diabetes, 1995-2025: Prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections

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              The long-term effect of lifestyle interventions to prevent diabetes in the China Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study: a 20-year follow-up study.

              Intensive lifestyle interventions can reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes in people with impaired glucose tolerance, but how long these benefits extend beyond the period of active intervention, and whether such interventions reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality, is unclear. We aimed to assess whether intensive lifestyle interventions have a long-term effect on the risk of diabetes, diabetes-related macrovascular and microvascular complications, and mortality. In 1986, 577 adults with impaired glucose tolerance from 33 clinics in China were randomly assigned to either the control group or to one of three lifestyle intervention groups (diet, exercise, or diet plus exercise). Active intervention took place over 6 years until 1992. In 2006, study participants were followed-up to assess the long-term effect of the interventions. The primary outcomes were diabetes incidence, CVD incidence and mortality, and all-cause mortality. Compared with control participants, those in the combined lifestyle intervention groups had a 51% lower incidence of diabetes (hazard rate ratio [HRR] 0.49; 95% CI 0.33-0.73) during the active intervention period and a 43% lower incidence (0.57; 0.41-0.81) over the 20 year period, controlled for age and clustering by clinic. The average annual incidence of diabetes was 7% for intervention participants versus 11% in control participants, with 20-year cumulative incidence of 80% in the intervention groups and 93% in the control group. Participants in the intervention group spent an average of 3.6 fewer years with diabetes than those in the control group. There was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups in the rate of first CVD events (HRR 0.98; 95% CI 0.71-1.37), CVD mortality (0.83; 0.48-1.40), and all-cause mortality (0.96; 0.65-1.41), but our study had limited statistical power to detect differences for these outcomes. Group-based lifestyle interventions over 6 years can prevent or delay diabetes for up to 14 years after the active intervention. However, whether lifestyle intervention also leads to reduced CVD and mortality remains unclear.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                spm
                Salud Pública de México
                Salud pública Méx
                Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico )
                0036-3634
                2013
                : 55
                : suppl 2
                : S137-S143
                Affiliations
                [01] Cuernavaca Morelos orgnameInstituto Nacional de Salud Pública México
                [02] México DF orgnameInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán México
                Article
                S0036-36342013000800010 S0036-3634(13)05500000010
                5d2feea8-9503-409e-a024-93cdffd19a39

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 30 November 2012
                : 09 January 2013
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 13, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Self URI: Texto completo solamente en formato PDF (ES)
                Categories
                Artículos originales

                diabetes mellitus tipo 2,primary prevention,quality of health care,Mexico,type 2 diabetes mellitus,México,prevención primaria calidad de la atención de salud

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