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      Periprocedural management of patients receiving a vitamin K antagonist or a direct oral anticoagulant requiring an elective procedure or surgery.

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          Abstract

          The periprocedural management of patients receiving chronic therapy with oral anticoagulants (OACs), including vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) such as warfarin and direct OACs (DOACs), is a common clinical problem. The optimal perioperative management of patients receiving chronic OAC therapy is anchored on four key principles: (i) risk stratification of patient-related and procedure-related risks of thrombosis and bleeding; (ii) the clinical consequences of a thrombotic or bleeding event; (iii) discontinuation and reinitiation of OAC therapy on the basis of the pharmacokinetic properties of each agent; and (iv) whether aggressive management such as the use of periprocedural heparin bridging has advantages for the prevention of postoperative thromboembolism at the cost of a possible increase in bleeding risk. Recent data from randomized trials in patients receiving VKAs undergoing pacemaker/defibrillator implantation or using heparin bridging therapy for elective procedures or surgeries can now inform best practice. There are also emerging data on periprocedural outcomes in the DOAC trials for patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. This review summarizes the evidence for the periprocedural management of patients receiving chronic OAC therapy, focusing on recent randomized trials and large outcome studies, to address three key clinical scenarios: (i) can OAC therapy be safely continued for minor procedures or surgeries; (ii) if therapy with VKAs (especially warfarin) needs to be temporarily interrupted for an elective procedure/surgery, is heparin bridging necessary; and (iii) what is the optimal periprocedural management of the DOACs? In answering these questions, we aim to provide updated clinical guidance for the periprocedural management of patients receiving VKA or DOAC therapy, including the use of heparin bridging.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          J. Thromb. Haemost.
          Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH
          Wiley-Blackwell
          1538-7836
          1538-7836
          May 2016
          : 14
          : 5
          Affiliations
          [1 ] Department of Medicine, Anticoagulation and Clinical Thrombosis Services, Hofstra North Shore/LIJ School of Medicine, North Shore/LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA.
          [2 ] Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
          [3 ] Durham VA Medical Center, Duke University Medical Center, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
          [4 ] Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
          Article
          10.1111/jth.13305
          26988871
          5d4c84cd-3fa2-4401-906a-cc90d80efe36
          History

          hemorrhage,direct oral anticoagulants,warfarin,thromboembolism,perioperative care

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