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      Prevalence of anemia and associated factors among pregnant women in Adigrat General Hospital, Tigrai, northern Ethiopia, 2018

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          Abstract

          Objectives

          Anemia remains a major public health problem in Ethiopia, which causes maternal and fetal severe consequences. In Tigrai, there are limited literatures on prevalence of anemia and associated factors among pregnant women. Thus, a hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence and associated factors of anemia in Adigrat General Hospital. Data was analyzed and computed using SPSS version 22. p value = 0.05 at 95% confidence interval was considered statistically significant.

          Results

          Overall prevalence of Anemia among the pregnant women attending Adigrat General Hospital was 7.9%. About 62.5% and 37.5% of the anemic women were with mild (Hgb: 10.0–10.9 g/d1) and moderate (Hgb: 7–9.9 g/dl) type respectively. Factors like, residing in rural areas increases risk of anemia by 6 times (AOR = 6, 95% CI 1.34, 27.6, p = 0.019), participants having current blood loss (AOR = 3.4, 95% CI 1.16, 10.2, p = 0.026), having history of recent abortion (AOR = 7.9, 95% CI 2.23, 28.1, p = 0.001) and gestational age in the third trimester (AOR = 4.9, 95% CI 1.39, 17.6, p = 0.013) were statistically associated with anemia. Generally, prevalence of anemia is found to be low in the study area. However, it should be given due attention. Therefore, strong endeavor is needed to control anemia among pregnant women by assessing different micronutrient deficiencies for further prevention.

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          Maternal anemia during pregnancy is an independent risk factor for low birthweight and preterm delivery.

          Amalia Levy, Drora Fraser, Moshe Mazor … (2005)
          The present study was designed to investigate the outcome of pregnancy and delivery in patients with anemia. A retrospective population-based study comparing all singleton pregnancies of patients with and without anemia was performed. Deliveries occurred during the years 1988-2002 in the Soroka University Medical Center. Maternal anemia was defined as hemoglobin concentration lower than 10 g/dl during pregnancy. Patients with hemoglobinopathies such as thalassemia were excluded from the analysis. Multiple logistic regression models were performed to control for confounders. During the study period there were 153,396 deliveries, of which 13,204 (8.6%) occurred in patients with anemia. In a multivariable analysis, the following conditions were significantly associated with maternal anemia: placental abruption, placenta previa, labor induction, previous cesarean section (CS), non-vertex presentation and Bedouin ethnicity. Higher rates of preterm deliveries (<37 weeks gestation) and low birthweight (<2500 g) were found among patients with anemia as compared to the non-anemic women (10.7% versus 9.0%, p < 0.001 and 10.5% versus 9.4%, p < 0.001; respectively). Higher rates of CS were found among anemic women (20.4% versus 10.3%; p < 0.001). The significant association between anemia and low birthweight persisted after adjusting for gender, ethnicity and gestational age, using a multivariable analysis (OR = 1.1; 95% CI 1.0-1.2, p = 0.02). Two multivariable logistic regression models, with preterm delivery (<37 weeks gestation) and low birthweight (<2500 g) as the outcome variables, were constructed in order to control for possible confounders such as ethnicity, maternal age, placental problems, mode of delivery and non-vertex presentation. Maternal anemia was an independent risk factor for both, preterm delivery (OR = 1.2; 95% CI 1.1-1.2, p < 0.001) and low birthweight (OR = 1.1; 95% CI 1.1-1.2, p = 0.001). Maternal anemia influences birthweight and preterm delivery, but in our population, is not associated with adverse perinatal outcome.
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            Reducing the burden of anemia in infants and young children in malaria-endemic countries of Africa: from evidence to action.

            Jane Crawley (2004)
            Anemia is one of the commonest and most intractable public health problems in Africa. This paper illustrates how, in areas of stable malaria transmission, anemia is apparent from the first few months of life, with the highest prevalence towards the end of the first year. The antenatal and postnatal factors predisposing to anemia in infants and young children are discussed, together with the interventions that are available for prevention. The paper stresses the need to target interventions at pregnant women and infants, the groups at highest risk of anemia, and to develop an integrated, non disease-specific approach to this complex problem. Copyright 2004 The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
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              Prevalence & consequences of anaemia in pregnancy.

              K. Kalaivani (2009)
              Prevalence of anaemia in India is among the highest in the world. Prevalence of anaemia is higher among pregnant women and preschool children. Even among higher income educated segments of population about 50 per cent of children, adolescent girls and pregnant women are anaemic. Inadequate dietary iron, folate intake due to low vegetable consumption, perhaps low B12 intake and poor bioavailability of dietary iron from the fibre, phytate rich Indian diets are the major factors responsible for high prevalence of anaemia. Increased requirement of iron during growth and pregnancy and chronic blood loss contribute to higher prevalence in specific groups. In India, anaemia is directly or indirectly responsible for 40 per cent of maternal deaths. There is 8 to 10-fold increase in MMR when the Hb falls below 5 g/dl. Early detection and effective management of anaemia in pregnancy can contribute substantially to reduction in maternal mortality. Maternal anaemia is associated with poor intrauterine growth and increased risk of preterm births and low birth weight rates. This in turn results in higher perinatal morbidity and mortality, and higher infant mortality rate. A doubling of low birth weight rate and 2 to 3 fold increase in the perinatal mortality rates is seen when the Hb is <8 g/dl. Intrauterine growth retardation and low birth weight inevitably lead to poor growth trajectory in infancy, childhood and adolescence and contribute to low adult height. Parental height and maternal weight are determinants of intrauterine growth and birth weight. Thus maternal anaemia contributes to intergenerational cycle of poor growth in the offspring. Early detection and effective management of anaemia in pregnancy can lead to substantial reduction in undernutrition in childhood, adolescence and improvement in adult height.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Brhane Berhe: birhaneberhe54@gmail.com
                Fitsum Mardu: fmardu25@gmail.com
                Haftom Legese: legesehaftom2@gmail.com
                Aderajew Gebrewahd: aderajewgb21@gmail.com
                Guesh Gebremariam: gueshgebre60@gmail.com
                Kebede Tesfay: teskeb029@gmail.com
                Getachew Kahsu: getakahsu@yahoo.com
                Hadush Negash: hadunegash@gmail.com
                Gebre Adhanom: gebreadhanom6@gmail.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Res Notes
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Res Notes
                Title: BMC Research Notes
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1756-0500
                Publication date (Electronic): 31 May 2019
                Publication date PMC-release: 31 May 2019
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Volume: 12
                Electronic Location Identifier: 310
                Affiliations
                ISNI 0000 0004 1783 9494, GRID grid.472243.4, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Science, , Adigrat University, ; Adigrat, Ethiopia
                Article
                Publisher ID: 4347
                DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4347-4
                PMC ID: 6544916
                PubMed ID: 30635016
                SO-VID: 5d662676-d5d0-4794-8feb-d522cfe60919
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2019
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                Date received : 5 February 2019
                Date accepted : 29 May 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Research Note
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2019

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: anemia,ethiopia,factors,pregnant women
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: anemia, ethiopia, factors, pregnant women

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