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      The success story of Labiobaetis Novikova & Kluge in the Philippines (Ephemeroptera, Baetidae), with description of 18 new species

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          Abstract

          Material collected between 1994 and 2020 in the Philippines, covering most main islands like Luzon, Mindoro, Palawan, Negros, Cebu, Leyte, and Mindanao and some smaller islands, substantially increased our knowledge of Labiobaetis Novikova & Kluge in this archipelago. Only three species were previously reported: L. molawinensis (Müller-Liebenau, 1982) and L. sumigarensis (Müller-Liebenau, 1982) from larvae and L. boettgeri (Ulmer, 1924) from adults. Eighteen new species have been identified using a combination of morphology and genetic distance (COI, Kimura 2-parameter). They are described and illustrated based on their larvae and a key to all species in the Philippines is provided. The total number of Labiobaetis in the Philippines has increased to 21 species. Additional diversity of Labiobaetis based on molecular evidence only is presented as Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) without description. The interspecific K2P distances in the Philippines are between 15% and 27%, the intraspecific distances are usually between 0% and 3%. The total number of Labiobaetis species worldwide is augmented to 144.

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          MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets.

          Sudhir Kumar, Glen Stecher, Koichiro Tamura (2016)
          We present the latest version of the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (Mega) software, which contains many sophisticated methods and tools for phylogenomics and phylomedicine. In this major upgrade, Mega has been optimized for use on 64-bit computing systems for analyzing larger datasets. Researchers can now explore and analyze tens of thousands of sequences in Mega The new version also provides an advanced wizard for building timetrees and includes a new functionality to automatically predict gene duplication events in gene family trees. The 64-bit Mega is made available in two interfaces: graphical and command line. The graphical user interface (GUI) is a native Microsoft Windows application that can also be used on Mac OS X. The command line Mega is available as native applications for Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X. They are intended for use in high-throughput and scripted analysis. Both versions are available from www.megasoftware.net free of charge.
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            A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences.

            Motoo Kimura (1980)
            Some simple formulae were obtained which enable us to estimate evolutionary distances in terms of the number of nucleotide substitutions (and, also, the evolutionary rates when the divergence times are known). In comparing a pair of nucleotide sequences, we distinguish two types of differences; if homologous sites are occupied by different nucleotide bases but both are purines or both pyrimidines, the difference is called type I (or "transition" type), while, if one of the two is a purine and the other is a pyrimidine, the difference is called type II (or "transversion" type). Letting P and Q be respectively the fractions of nucleotide sites showing type I and type II differences between two sequences compared, then the evolutionary distance per site is K = -(1/2) ln [(1-2P-Q) square root of 1-2Q]. The evolutionary rate per year is then given by k = K/(2T), where T is the time since the divergence of the two sequences. If only the third codon positions are compared, the synonymous component of the evolutionary base substitutions per site is estimated by K'S = -(1/2) ln (1-2P-Q). Also, formulae for standard errors were obtained. Some examples were worked out using reported globin sequences to show that synonymous substitutions occur at much higher rates than amino acid-altering substitutions in evolution.
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              Biological identifications through DNA barcodes.

              Paul Hebert, Alina Cywinska, Shelley Ball … (2003)
              Although much biological research depends upon species diagnoses, taxonomic expertise is collapsing. We are convinced that the sole prospect for a sustainable identification capability lies in the construction of systems that employ DNA sequences as taxon 'barcodes'. We establish that the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) can serve as the core of a global bioidentification system for animals. First, we demonstrate that COI profiles, derived from the low-density sampling of higher taxonomic categories, ordinarily assign newly analysed taxa to the appropriate phylum or order. Second, we demonstrate that species-level assignments can be obtained by creating comprehensive COI profiles. A model COI profile, based upon the analysis of a single individual from each of 200 closely allied species of lepidopterans, was 100% successful in correctly identifying subsequent specimens. When fully developed, a COI identification system will provide a reliable, cost-effective and accessible solution to the current problem of species identification. Its assembly will also generate important new insights into the diversification of life and the rules of molecular evolution.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Thomas Kaltenbach:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8052-0388
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Zookeys
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Zookeys
                Journal ID (publisher-id): 2
                Journal ID (index): urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:45048D35-BB1D-5CE8-9668-537E44BD4C7E
                Journal ID (aggregator): urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:91BD42D4-90F1-4B45-9350-EEF175B1727A
                Title: ZooKeys
                Publisher: Pensoft Publishers
                ISSN (Print): 1313-2989
                ISSN (Electronic): 1313-2970
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 December 2020
                Volume: 1002
                Pages: 1-114
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Museum of Zoology, Palais de Rumine, Place Riponne 6, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland Museum of Zoology Lausanne Switzerland
                [2 ] University of Lausanne (UNIL), Department of Ecology and Evolution, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland University of Lausanne (UNIL), Department of Ecology and Evolution Lausanne Switzerland
                [3 ] Department of Biology, School of Science and Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, 1108 Metro Manila, Philippines Ateneo de Manila University Quezon City Philippines
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Thomas Kaltenbach ( thomas.kaltenbach@ 123456bluewin.ch )

                Academic editor: L. Pereira-da-Conceicoa

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8052-0388
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5873-5083
                Article
                Publisher ID: 58017
                DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1002.58017
                PMC ID: 7746671
                PubMed ID: 33363429
                SO-VID: 5d722295-e450-4425-887d-8837825a7c01
                Copyright © Thomas Kaltenbach, Jhoana Garces, Jean-Luc Gattolliat
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 26 August 2020
                Date accepted : 16 October 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Animalia
                Subject: Arthropoda
                Subject: Baetidae
                Subject: Baetoidea
                Subject: Ephemeroptera
                Subject: Hexapoda
                Subject: Insecta
                Subject: Invertebrata
                Subject: Taxonomy
                Subject: Neogene
                Subject: Asia
                Subject: Far East
                Subject: Philippines

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Animal science & Zoology
                Keywords: coi,genetic distance,integrated taxonomy,molecular operational taxonomic unit (motu),southeast asia
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Animal science & Zoology
                Keywords: coi, genetic distance, integrated taxonomy, molecular operational taxonomic unit (motu), southeast asia

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