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      Food packaging and migration of food contact materials: will epidemiologists rise to the neotoxic challenge?

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          Phenotypic plasticity and the epigenetics of human disease.

          It is becoming clear that epigenetic changes are involved in human disease as well as during normal development. A unifying theme of disease epigenetics is defects in phenotypic plasticity--cells' ability to change their behaviour in response to internal or external environmental cues. This model proposes that hereditary disorders of the epigenetic apparatus lead to developmental defects, that cancer epigenetics involves disruption of the stem-cell programme, and that common diseases with late-onset phenotypes involve interactions between the epigenome, the genome and the environment. Increased understanding of epigenetic-disease mechanisms could lead to disease-risk stratification for targeted intervention and to targeted therapies.
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            Xenoestrogens released from lacquer coatings in food cans.

            We present data showing that some foods preserved in lacquer-coated cans and the liquid in them may acquire estrogenic activity. Hormonal activity was measured using the E-screen bioassay. The biological activity of vegetables packed in cans was a result of plastic monomers used in manufacturing the containers. The plastic monomer bisphenol-A, identified by mass spectrometry, was found as a contaminant not only in the liquid of the preserved vegetables but also in water autoclaved in the cans. The amount of bisphenol-A in the extracts accounted for all the hormonal activity measured. Although the presence of other xenoestrogens cannot be ruled out, it is apparent that all estrogenic activity in these cans was due to bisphenol-A leached from the lacquer coating. The use of plastic in food-packaging materials may require closer scrutiny to determine whether epoxy resins and polycarbonates contribute to human exposure to xenoestrogens. Images Figure 1. Figure 2. A Figure 2. B Figure 3. A Figure 3. B Figure 4. Figure 5. A Figure 5. B Figure 6.
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              Associations between socioeconomic status and environmental toxicant concentrations in adults in the USA: NHANES 2001-2010.

              Low level chronic exposure to toxicants is associated with a range of adverse health effects. Understanding the various factors that influence the chemical burden of an individual is of critical importance to public health strategies. We investigated the relationships between socioeconomic status (SES) and bio-monitored chemical concentration in five cross-sectional waves of the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). We utilised adjusted linear regression models to investigate the association between 179 toxicants and the poverty income ratio (PIR) for five NHANES waves. We then selected a subset of chemicals associated with PIR in 3 or more NHANES waves and investigated potential mediating factors using structural equation modelling. PIR was associated with 18 chemicals in 3 or more NHANES waves. Higher SES individuals had higher burdens of serum and urinary mercury, arsenic, caesium, thallium, perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid, mono(carboxyoctyl) phthalate and benzophenone-3. Inverse associations were noted between PIR and serum and urinary lead and cadmium, antimony, bisphenol A and three phthalates (mono-benzyl, mono-isobutyl, mono-n-butyl). Key mediators included fish and shellfish consumption for the PIR, mercury, arsenic, thallium and perfluorononanoic acid associations. Sunscreen use was an important mediator in the benzophenone-3/PIR relationship. The association between PIR and cadmium or lead was partially mediated by smoking, occupation and diet. These results provide a comprehensive analysis of exposure patterns as a function of socioeconomic status in US adults, providing important information to guide future public health remediation measures to decrease toxicant and disease burdens within society. © 2013.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Epidemiol Community Health
                Journal of epidemiology and community health
                BMJ
                1470-2738
                0143-005X
                Jul 2014
                : 68
                : 7
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland.
                [2 ] Environmental Health Sciences, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
                [3 ] Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
                [4 ] Hospital del Mar Institute of Medical Research (IMIM), School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and CIBERESP, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
                Article
                jech-2013-202593
                10.1136/jech-2013-202593
                24554760
                5d827d9f-d128-49c4-aa7d-aba3d170609e
                History

                Diet,Environmental Health,Nutrition
                Diet, Environmental Health, Nutrition

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