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      Secular trends in diet-related greenhouse gas emission estimates since 2000 – a shift towards sustainable diets in Sweden

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          Abstract

          Objective:

          This study examines secular changes in diet-related greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) in younger and older Swedish adults, since the turn of this century.

          Design:

          Two cross-sectional health examination surveys were conducted in 2001–2004 ( T 1) and 2014–2018 ( T 2). At both times, an eighty-six-item FFQ was embedded in the survey. From the food frequencies and age-standardised portion sizes, GHGE estimates (kg CO 2e/year) were calculated. GHGE was modelled as a function of time period and covariates, for five distinct age groups.

          Setting:

          The municipality of Gothenburg, in western Sweden.

          Participants:

          Women and men aged 25–34, 35–44, 45–54, 55–64 and 65–75 years were randomly selected from the population registry and recruited for examinations. After exclusion of participants with incomplete dietary data, the analytic sample consisted of 2569 individuals at T 1 and 2119 at T 2.

          Results:

          Lower dietary GHGE scores were observed at T 2 compared with T 1, in each age group, adjusting for sex, BMI and education. The largest differences in GHGE were observed in the youngest age group (approximately 30 % reduction). Decreasing trends in GHGE from animal-based foods were observed at all ages and were accompanied by smaller increases from plant-based sources in younger groups only. At all ages, GHGE from discretionary foods decreased, and prevalence of overweight remained stable.

          Conclusions:

          Optimal dietary trends should support both human health and planetary health. Our results suggest that Swedish adults have moved in this direction, e.g. through less intake of red meat products and stable weight status.

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          Most cited references22

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          Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT–Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems

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            Eating like there's no tomorrow: Public awareness of the environmental impact of food and reluctance to eat less meat as part of a sustainable diet.

            Reducing meat consumption is central to many of the scientific debates on healthy, sustainable diets because of the high environmental impact of meat production. Missing from these debates are the public perspectives about eating less meat and consideration of cultural and social values associated with meat. The aim of this study was to explore public awareness of the environmental impact of food and their willingness to reduce meat consumption. Twelve focus groups and four individual interviews were conducted with adults from a range of socio-economic groups living in both rural and urban settings in Scotland. Public understanding of the link between food, environment and climate change was explored, with a focus on meat and attitudes towards reducing meat consumption. Data were transcribed and analysed thematically. Three dominant themes emerged: a lack of awareness of the association between meat consumption and climate change, perceptions of personal meat consumption playing a minimal role in the global context of climate change, and resistance to the idea of reducing personal meat consumption. People associated eating meat with pleasure, and described social, personal and cultural values around eating meat. Some people felt they did not need to eat less meat because they had already reduced their consumption or that they only ate small quantities. Scepticism of scientific evidence linking meat and climate change was common. Changing non-food related behaviours was viewed as more acceptable and a greater priority for climate change mitigation. The study highlights the role meat plays in the diet for many people, beyond nutritional needs. If healthy, sustainable dietary habits are to be achieved, cultural, social and personal values around eating meat must be integrated into the development of future dietary recommendations.
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              • Record: found
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              Environmental impact of dietary change: a systematic review

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Public Health Nutr
                Public Health Nutr
                PHN
                Public Health Nutrition
                Cambridge University Press (Cambridge, UK )
                1368-9800
                1475-2727
                August 2021
                16 October 2021
                : 24
                : 12
                : 3916-3921
                Affiliations
                [1 ]University of Gothenburg , School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
                [2 ]University of Gothenburg , Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
                [3 ]Research Institutes of Sweden (RISE) , Gothenburg, Sweden
                Author notes
                [* ] Corresponding author: Email Kirsten.mehlig@ 123456gu.se
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2653-0734
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1779-1286
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8296-2849
                Article
                S1368980020004073
                10.1017/S1368980020004073
                8369458
                33059781
                5d885de5-cec0-41e6-a37d-b1ea326f8409
                © The Authors 2020

                This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike licence ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the same Creative Commons licence is included and the original work is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re-use.

                History
                : 15 April 2020
                : 02 September 2020
                : 28 September 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 2, References: 23, Pages: 6
                Categories
                Short Communication
                Nutritional Epidemiology

                Public health
                animal-based food,plant-based food,secular trends,greenhouse gas emissions,sustainable diets,climate change

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