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      Neuro–Immune Cell Units: A New Paradigm in Physiology

      Author(s): 1 , 1 , 1
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      Publication date (Print):
      Journal: Annual Review of Immunology
      Publisher: Annual Reviews

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          Abstract

          The interplay between the immune and nervous systems has been acknowledged in the past, but only more recent studies have started to unravel the cellular and molecular players of such interactions. Mounting evidence indicates that environmental signals are sensed by discrete neuro–immune cell units (NICUs), which represent defined anatomical locations in which immune and neuronal cells colocalize and functionally interact to steer tissue physiology and protection. These units have now been described in multiple tissues throughout the body, including lymphoid organs, adipose tissue, and mucosal barriers. As such, NICUs are emerging as important orchestrators of multiple physiological processes, including hematopoiesis, organogenesis, inflammation, tissue repair, and thermogenesis. In this review we focus on the impact of NICUs in tissue physiology and how this fast-evolving field is driving a paradigm shift in our understanding of immunoregulation and organismal physiology.

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          Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha7 subunit is an essential regulator of inflammation.

          Hong. Wang, Man Yu, Mahendar Ochani … (2003)
          Excessive inflammation and tumour-necrosis factor (TNF) synthesis cause morbidity and mortality in diverse human diseases including endotoxaemia, sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Highly conserved, endogenous mechanisms normally regulate the magnitude of innate immune responses and prevent excessive inflammation. The nervous system, through the vagus nerve, can inhibit significantly and rapidly the release of macrophage TNF, and attenuate systemic inflammatory responses. This physiological mechanism, termed the 'cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway' has major implications in immunology and in therapeutics; however, the identity of the essential macrophage acetylcholine-mediated (cholinergic) receptor that responds to vagus nerve signals was previously unknown. Here we report that the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha7 subunit is required for acetylcholine inhibition of macrophage TNF release. Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve inhibits TNF synthesis in wild-type mice, but fails to inhibit TNF synthesis in alpha7-deficient mice. Thus, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha7 subunit is essential for inhibiting cytokine synthesis by the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway.
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            Type 2 innate lymphoid cells control eosinophil homeostasis

            Jesse C. Nussbaum, Steven Van Dyken, Jakob von Moltke … (2013)
            Eosinophils are specialized myeloid cells associated with allergy and helminth infections. Blood eosinophils demonstrate circadian cycling, as described over 80 years ago, 1 and are abundant in the healthy gastrointestinal tract. Although a cytokine, interleukin (IL)-5, and chemokines such as eotaxins, mediate eosinophil development and survival, 2 and tissue recruitment, 3 respectively, the processes underlying the basal regulation of these signals remain unknown. Here, we show that serum IL-5 is maintained by long-lived type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) resident in peripheral tissues. ILC2 secrete IL-5 constitutively and are induced to co-express IL-13 during type 2 inflammation, resulting in localized eotaxin production and eosinophil accumulation. In the small intestine where eosinophils and eotaxin are constitutive, 4 ILC2 co-express IL-5 and IL-13, which is enhanced after caloric intake. The circadian synchronizer vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) also stimulates ILC2 through the VPAC2 receptor to release IL-5, linking eosinophil levels with metabolic cycling. Tissue ILC2 regulate basal eosinophilopoiesis and tissue eosinophil accumulation through constitutive and stimulated cytokine expression, and this dissociated regulation can be tuned by nutrient intake and central circadian rhythms.
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              Microglia development and function.

              Debasis Nayak, Theodore L Roth, Dorian B McGavern (2014)
              Proper development and function of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) depend critically on the activity of parenchymal sentinels referred to as microglia. Although microglia were first described as ramified brain-resident phagocytes, research conducted over the past century has expanded considerably upon this narrow view and ascribed many functions to these dynamic CNS inhabitants. Microglia are now considered among the most versatile cells in the body, possessing the capacity to morphologically and functionally adapt to their ever-changing surroundings. Even in a resting state, the processes of microglia are highly dynamic and perpetually scan the CNS. Microglia are in fact vital participants in CNS homeostasis, and dysregulation of these sentinels can give rise to neurological disease. In this review, we discuss the exciting developments in our understanding of microglial biology, from their developmental origin to their participation in CNS homeostasis and pathophysiological states such as neuropsychiatric disorders, neurodegeneration, sterile injury responses, and infectious diseases. We also delve into the world of microglial dynamics recently uncovered using real-time imaging techniques.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Annual Review of Immunology
                Abbreviated Title: Annu. Rev. Immunol.
                Publisher: Annual Reviews
                ISSN (Print): 0732-0582
                ISSN (Electronic): 1545-3278
                Publication date Created: April 26 2019
                Publication date (Print): April 26 2019
                Volume: 37
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 19-46
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisboa, Portugal;, ,
                Article
                DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042718-041812
                PubMed ID: 30379595
                SO-VID: 5dc15aae-7218-4c2c-b2ff-e8e887704ae9
                Copyright © © 2019
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