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      Influence of water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) on reduction of local fat and body weight by physical exercise Translated title: Einfluss von wassergefiltertem Infrarot A (wIRA) auf die Reduktion von lokalem Fett und Körpergewicht unter körperlicher Belastung

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          Abstract

          Aim of the study: Investigation, whether water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) irradiation during moderate bicycle ergometer endurance exercise has effects especially on local fat reduction and on weight reduction beyond the effects of ergometer exercise alone.

          Methods: Randomised controlled study with 40 obese females (BMI 30-40 (median: 34.5), body weight 76-125 (median: 94.9) kg, age 20-40 (median: 35.5) years, isocaloric nutrition), 20 in the wIRA group and 20 in the control group. In both groups each participant performed 3 times per week over 4 weeks for 45 minutes bicycle ergometer endurance exercise with a constant load according to a lactate level of 2 mmol/l (aerobic endurance load, as determined before the intervention period). In the wIRA group in addition large parts of the body (including waist, hip, and thighs) were irradiated during all ergometries of the intervention period with visible light and a predominant part of water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA), using the irradiation unit “Hydrosun ® 6000” with 10 wIRA radiators (Hydrosun ® Medizintechnik, Müllheim, Germany, radiator type 500, 4 mm water cuvette, yellow filter, water-filtered spectrum 500-1400 nm) around a speed independent bicycle ergometer.

          Main variable of interest: change of “the sum of circumferences of waist, hip, and both thighs of each patient” over the intervention period (4 weeks). Additional variables of interest: body weight, body mass index BMI, body fat percentage, fat mass, fat-free mass, water mass (analysis of body composition by tetrapolar bioimpedance analysis), assessment of an arteriosclerotic risk profile by blood investigation of variables of lipid metabolism (cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoproteins HDL, low density lipoproteins LDL, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein B), clinical chemistry (fasting glucose, alanin-aminotransferase ALT (= glutamyl pyruvic transaminase GPT), gamma-glutamyl-transferase GGT, creatinine, albumin), endocrinology (leptin, adiponectin (= adipo Q), homocysteine, insulin). All variables were at least measured before and after the intervention period. Ergometry (ECG, blood pressure behaviour, lactate curve with power at 2, 3 and 4 mmol/l) before the intervention period. In addition: nutrition training ahead of and during the intervention period with a nutrition protocol over one week for assessment of the daily energy intake; calculation of basic metabolic rate and total energy requirement. Assessment of undesired effects.

          Only methods of non-parametric statistics were used, both descriptive (median, percentiles of 25 and 75 (= interquartile range), minimum, maximum) and confirmatory (two-sided Mann-Whitney U test for unpaired samples for the only one main variable of interest). Total error probability: .05 (5%). An intention to treat analysis ITT with last observed carry forward method was used preferably (presented results) and in addition an on treatment analysis OT. Only 2 (treatment group) and 4 (control group) drop-outs occurred (mostly due to lack of time).

          Results: The “sum of circumferences of waist, hip, and both thighs of each patient” decreased during the 4 weeks significantly more (p<.001) in the wIRA group than in the control group: medians and interquartile ranges: -8.0 cm (-10.5 cm/-4.1 cm) vs. -1.8 cm (-4.4 cm/0.0 cm).

          As well “body weight of each patient” decreased during the 4 weeks markedly more in the wIRA group than in the control group: medians and interquartile ranges: -1.9 kg (-4.0 kg/0.0 kg) vs. 0.0 kg (-1.5 kg/+0.4 kg); median of body weight changed from 99.3 kg to 95.6 kg (wIRA) vs. 89.9 kg to 89.6 kg (control). A similar effect showed the body mass index BMI.

          Blood variables of interest remained unchanged or showed some slight improvements during the treatment period, concerning most variables with no obvious differences between the two groups; insulin showed a slight trend to decrease in the wIRA group and to increase in the control group.

          Undesired effects of the treatment were not seen.

          Discussion: The results of the study suggest, that wIRA – during moderate bicycle ergometer endurance exercise as lipolytic stimulus – increases local lipolysis with a local fat reduction (thighs) in the otherwise bradytrophic fatty tissue. The presumably underlying mechanisms of wIRA have already been proven: wIRA acts both by thermal effects and by non-thermal effects. Thermal effects of wIRA are the generation of a therapeutic field of warmth with the increase of tissue temperature, tissue oxygen partial pressure, and tissue blood flow, and by this regional metabolism. As fatty tissue normally has a slow metabolism (bradytrophic and hypothermic tissue) with a low rate of lipolysis, wIRA can increase lipolysis in fatty tissue and the mobilized fats are burned in musculature during the ergometer exercise.

          Conclusion: The results of the study indicate, that wIRA irradiation during moderate ergometer endurance exercise can be used – in combination with an appropriate nutrition – to improve body composition, especially local fat distribution, and the reduction of fat and body weight in obese persons.

          Translated abstract

          Ziel der Studie: Untersuchung, ob Bestrahlung mit wassergefiltertem Infrarot A (wIRA) während moderater Fußkurbelergometerausdauerbelastung Wirkungen insbesondere auf die lokale Fettabnahme und auf die Gewichtsabnahme hat, die über die Wirkungen der Ergometerbelastung allein hinausgehen.

          Methoden: Randomisierte kontrollierte Untersuchung mit 40 adipösen Frauen (BMI 30-40 (Median: 34,5), Körpergewicht 76-125 (Median: 94,9) kg, Alter 20-40 (Median: 35,5) Jahre, isokalorische Ernährung), 20 in der wIRA-Gruppe und 20 in der Kontrollgruppe. In beiden Gruppen führte jede Teilnehmerin dreimal pro Woche über 4 Wochen für 45 Minuten eine Fußkurbelergometerausdauerbelastung mit einer konstanten Leistung durch, die einer Laktatkonzentration von 2 mmol/l entsprach (aerobe Ausdauerbelastung, wie sie vor der Interventionsperiode bestimmt wurde). In der wIRA-Gruppe wurden außerdem große Teile des Körpers (einschließlich Taille, Hüfte und Oberschenkel) während aller Ergometrien der Interventionsperiode mit sichtbarem Licht und einem überwiegenden Teil von wassergefiltertem Infrarot A (wIRA) bestrahlt, wobei die Bestrahlungseinheit "Hydrosun ® 6000" mit 10 wIRA-Strahlern (Hydrosun ® Medizintechnik, Müllheim, Deutschland, Strahlertyp 500, 4 mm Wasserküvette, Gelbfilter, wassergefiltertes Spektrum 500-1400 nm) um ein geschwindigkeitsunabhängiges Fußkurbelergometer herum verwendet wurde.

          Hauptzielvariable: Änderung "der Summe der Umfänge von Taille, Hüfte und beiden Oberschenkeln von jedem Patienten" in der Interventionsperiode (4 Wochen). Zusätzliche Zielvariablen: Körpergewicht, Körpermasseindex BMI, Körperfettprozentsatz, Fettmasse, fettfreie Masse, Wassermasse (Analyse der Körperzusammensetzung mittels tetrapolarer Bioimpedanzanalyse), Erhebung eines Arteriosklerose-Risikoprofils mittels Blutuntersuchung von Variablen des Fettstoffwechsels (Cholesterin, Triglyzeride, High-density-Lipoproteine HDL, Low-density-Lipoproteine LDL, Apolipoprotein A1, Apolipoprotein B), klinischer Chemie (Nüchternblutzucker, Alanin-Aminotransferase ALT (= Glutamat-Pyruvat-Transaminase GPT), Gamma-Glutamyl-Transferase GGT, Kreatinin, Albumin), Endokrinologie (Leptin, Adiponectin (= Adipo Q), Homozystein, Insulin). Alle Variablen wurden mindestens vor und nach der Interventionsperiode bestimmt. Ergometrie (EKG, Blutdruckverhalten, Laktatkurve mit Leistung bei 2, 3 und 4 mmol/l) vor der Interventionsperiode. Außerdem: Ernährungsberatung vor und während der Interventionsperiode mit einem Ernährungsprotokoll über eine Woche zum Erfassen der täglichen Energiezufuhr; Berechnung des Grundstoffwechsels und des Gesamtenergiebedarfs. Erhebung von unerwünschten Wirkungen.

          Es wurden nur Methoden nicht-parametrischer Statistik verwendet, sowohl deskriptiv (Median, 25%- und 75%-Perzentilen (= Interquartilspanne), Minimum, Maximum) als auch konfirmatorisch (zweiseitiger Mann-Whitney-U-Test für ungepaarte Stichproben für die einzige Hauptzielvariable). Gesamtirrtumswahrscheinlichkeit: 0,05 (5%). Eine Intention-to-treat-Analyse ITT mit Last-observed-carry-forward-Methode wurde vorzugsweise verwendet (dargestellte Ergebnisse) und außerdem eine On-Treatment-Analyse OT. Es traten nur 2 (Therapiegruppe) und 4 (Kontrollgruppe) Dropouts auf (hauptsächlich aufgrund Zeitmangels).

          Ergebnisse: Die "Summe der Umfänge von Taille, Hüfte und beiden Oberschenkeln von jedem Patienten" verminderte sich während der 4 Wochen signifikant mehr (p<0,001) in der wIRA-Gruppe als in der Kontrollgruppe: Mediane und Interquartilspannen: -8,0 cm (-10,5 cm/-4,1 cm) vs. -1,8 cm (-4,4 cm/0,0 cm).

          Auch nahm das "Körpergewicht jedes Patienten" während der 4 Wochen in der wIRA-Gruppe deutlich mehr als in der Kontrollgruppe ab: Mediane und Interquartilspannen: -1,9 kg (-4,0 kg/0,0 kg) vs. 0,0 kg (-1,5 kg/+0,4 kg); der Median des Körpergewichts veränderte sich von 99,3 kg auf 95,6 kg (wIRA) vs. von 89,9 kg auf 89,6 kg (Kontrolle). Einen ähnlichen Effekt zeigte der Körpermasseindex BMI.

          Die Blutzielvariablen blieben unverändert oder zeigten einige leichte Verbesserungen während der Therapiephase, wobei die meisten Variablen keine offensichtlichen Unterschiede zwischen den zwei Gruppen zeigten; das Insulin zeigte einen leichten Trend, in der wIRA-Gruppe abzunehmen und in der Kontrollgruppe zuzunehmen.

          Es wurden keine unerwünschten Wirkungen der Therapie beobachtet.

          Diskussion: Die Ergebnisse der Studie legen nahe, dass wIRA – während moderater Fußkurbelergometerausdauerbelastung als lipolytischem Reiz – die lokale Lipolyse mit einer lokalen Fettabnahme (Oberschenkel) in dem sonst bradytrophen Fettgewebe steigert. Die vermutlich zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen von wIRA wurden schon nachgewiesen: wIRA wirkt sowohl thermisch als auch nicht-thermisch. Thermische Wirkungen von wIRA sind die Erzeugung eines therapeutischen Wärmefelds mit Zunahme von Gewebetemperatur, Gewebesauerstoffpartialdruck und Gewebedurchblutung und dadurch vom regionalen Stoffwechsel. Da Fettgewebe normalerweise einen langsamen Stoffwechsel (bradytrophes und hypothermes Gewebe) mit einer niedrigen Lipolyserate hat, kann wIRA die Lipolyse im Fettgewebe steigern, und die mobilisierten Fette werden in der Muskulatur während der Ergometerbelastung verbrannt.

          Folgerung: Die Ergebnisse der Studie zeigen, daß wIRA-Bestrahlung während moderater Ergometerausdauerbelastung in Verbindung mit einer angemessenen Ernährung verwendet werden kann, um die Körperzusammensetzung, insbesondere die lokale Fettverteilung, und die Abnahme von Fett und Körpergewicht bei adipösen Personen zu verbessern.

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          Most cited references10

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          Primary and secondary mechanisms of action of visible to near-IR radiation on cells.

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          Cytochrome c oxidase is discussed as a possible photoacceptor when cells are irradiated with monochromatic red to near-IR radiation. Four primary action mechanisms are reviewed: changes in the redox properties of the respiratory chain components following photoexcitation of their electronic states, generation of singlet oxygen, localized transient heating of absorbing chromophores, and increased superoxide anion production with subsequent increase in concentration of the product of its dismutation, H2O2. A cascade of reactions connected with alteration in cellular homeostasis parameters (pHi, [Cai], cAMP, Eh, [ATP] and some others) is considered as a photosignal transduction and amplification chain in a cell (secondary mechanisms).
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            Effects of diet and exercise in men and postmenopausal women with low levels of HDL cholesterol and high levels of LDL cholesterol.

            Guidelines established by the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) promote exercise and weight loss for the treatment of abnormal lipoprotein levels. Little is known, however, about the effects of exercise or the NCEP diet, which is moderately low in fat and cholesterol, in persons with lipoprotein levels that place them at high risk for coronary heart disease. We studied plasma lipoprotein levels in 180 postmenopausal women, 45 through 64 years of age, and 197 men, 30 through 64 years of age, who had low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels ( 125 mg per deciliter but 125 mg per deciliter but <190 mg per deciliter in men). The subjects were randomly assigned to aerobic exercise, the NCEP Step 2 diet, or diet plus exercise, or to a control group, which received no intervention. Dietary intake of fat and cholesterol decreased during the one-year study (P<0.001), as did body weight, in women and men in either the diet group or the diet-plus-exercise group, as compared with the controls (P<0.001) and the exercise group (P<0.05), in which dietary intake and body weight were unchanged. Changes in HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels and the ratio of total to HDL cholesterol did not differ significantly among the treatment groups, for subjects of either sex. The serum level of LDL cholesterol was significantly reduced among women (a decrease of 14.5+/-22.2 mg per deciliter) and men (a decrease of 20.0+/-17.3 mg per deciliter) in the diet-plus-exercise group, as compared with the control group (women had a decrease of 2.5+/-16.6 mg per deciliter, P<0.05; men had a decrease of 4.6+/-21.1 mg per deciliter, P<0.001). The reduction in LDL cholesterol in men in the diet-plus-exercise group was also significant as compared with that among the men in the exercise group (3.6+/-18.8 mg per deciliter, P<0.001). In contrast, changes in LDL cholesterol levels were not significant among the women (a decrease of 7.3+/-18.9 mg per deciliter) or the men (10.8+/-18.8 mg per deciliter) in the diet group, as compared with the controls. The NCEP Step 2 diet failed to lower LDL cholesterol levels in men or women with high-risk lipoprotein levels who did not engage in aerobic exercise. This finding highlights the importance of physical activity in the treatment of elevated LDL cholesterol levels.
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              Guiding neuronal growth with light.

              Control over neuronal growth is a fundamental objective in neuroscience, cell biology, developmental biology, biophysics, and biomedicine and is particularly important for the formation of neural circuits in vitro, as well as nerve regeneration in vivo [Zeck, G. & Fromherz, P. (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 10457-10462]. We have shown experimentally that we can use weak optical forces to guide the direction taken by the leading edge, or growth cone, of a nerve cell. In actively extending growth cones, a laser spot is placed in front of a specific area of the nerve's leading edge, enhancing growth into the beam focus and resulting in guided neuronal turns as well as enhanced growth. The power of our laser is chosen so that the resulting gradient forces are sufficiently powerful to bias the actin polymerization-driven lamellipodia extension, but too weak to hold and move the growth cone. We are therefore using light to control a natural biological process, in sharp contrast to the established technique of optical tweezers [Ashkin, A. (1970) Phys. Rev. Lett. 24, 156-159; Ashkin, A. & Dziedzic, J. M. (1987) Science 235, 1517-1520], which uses large optical forces to manipulate entire structures. Our results therefore open an avenue to controlling neuronal growth in vitro and in vivo with a simple, noncontact technique.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Ger Med Sci
                GMS Ger Med Sci
                GMS German Medical Science
                German Medical Science GMS Publishing House
                1612-3174
                11 July 2006
                2006
                : 4
                : Doc05
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Prevention and Sports Medicine (IPS), Regensburg, Germany
                [2 ]Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Institute of Sports Sciences, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
                [3 ]Rehabilitation Center Brüderlein, Regensburg, Germany
                [4 ]Integrated Care Center, Weiden, Germany
                [5 ]University Regensburg, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Regensburg, Germany
                Author notes
                *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Frank Möckel, Institute of Prevention and Sports Medicine (IPS), Im Gewerbepark D50, 93059 Regensburg, Germany, Tel.: 0049-941-46418-0, Fax: 0049-941-46418-27, Homepage: www.ips-regensburg.de, E-mail: fm@ 123456ips-regensburg.de
                Article
                000034
                2703221
                19675696
                5dc21f7d-eb7e-4994-a917-c7ce387b7362
                Copyright © 2006 Möckel et al.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/deed.en). You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 02 June 2006
                Categories
                Article

                Medicine
                body mass index bmi,low density lipoproteins ldl,lactate,local fat reduction,high density lipoproteins hdl,cholesterol,bicycle ergometer endurance exercise,analysis of body composition,body weight,randomised controlled study,water-filtered infrared-a (wira),weight reduction,intervention trial,lipolysis,lipid metabolism,tetrapolar bioimpedance analysis,triglycerides

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