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      Epidemiología de las úlceras por presión en España en 2013: 4.º Estudio Nacional de Prevalencia Translated title: Pressure ulcers epidemiology in Spain in 2013: results from the 4th National Prevalence Survey

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          Abstract

          Objetivos: 1) establecer la prevalencia de úlceras por presión (UPP) en hospitales, centros sociosanitarios (CSS) y atención primaria en España; 2) determinar la frecuencia de UPP nosocomiales (generadas durante la estancia en hospitales o CSS), y 3) describir las características de los pacientes y de las lesiones identificadas. Métodos: encuesta epidemiológica, transversal, mediante cuestionario dirigido a profesionales que trabajen en centros sanitarios y sociosanitarios, públicos o privados, en España. Realizada entre el 1 de marzo y el 31 de mayo de 2013. Variables: descripción de los centros, población ingresada o atendida y pacientes con UPP, características demográficas y clínicas de los pacientes. Se calcula prevalencia bruta y prevalencia media para cada uno de los tres niveles asistenciales. Resultados: se obtuvieron 509 cuestionarios válidos, un 66,7% son de hospitales, un 21,6% de atención primaria y un 16,7% de CSS. Las cifras de prevalencia obtenidas son: en hospitales, en adultos 7,87% (IC 95%: 7,31-8,47%); en unidades pediátricas de hospitales, 3,36% (IC 95%: 1,44-7,61%); en CSS, 13,41% (IC 95%: 12,6-14,2%), y en atención primaria, 0,44% (IC 95%: 0,41-0,47%) entre mayores de 65 años y 8,51% (IC 95%: 7,96-9,1%) entre pacientes en programas de atención domiciliaria. La prevalencia es más alta en unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI), llegando al 18%. Son UPP nosocomiales un 65,6% del total y solo un 29,4% se han producido en los domicilios. El mayor porcentaje de las lesiones es de categoría 2, con un tiempo de evolución de 30 días (mediana) y un área de 6 cm² (mediana). Conclusiones: la prevalencia de UPP en España no ha disminuido en 2013 respecto a años anteriores, e incluso se ha duplicado en los CSS. En hospitales, las UCI son las unidades con mayor prevalencia. En los CSS, hay una prevalencia más alta en los privados frente a los públicos. Casi dos tercios de todas las UPP son de origen nosocomial (hospitales o CSS), lo que indica un fallo en la prevención de estas lesiones.

          Translated abstract

          Aim: 1) To determine the prevalence of pressure ulcers (PU) at hospitals, nursing homes (NH) and the community in Spain; 2) To determine the frequency of nosocomial PU (those acquired during patients' stay at hospital or NH), y 3) To describe the characteristics of the patients and ulcers. Methods: Cross-sectional survey with a questionnaire aimed to nurses working at hospitals, nursing homes and primary care, both publics and privates, in Spain. Date: from 1st March to 31th May in 2013. Variables: Description of the centres, number of in-patients or residents at NH and number of patients with PU, demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients. For each one of the 3 settings, crude prevalence and average prevalence was calculated. Results: 509 valid questionnaires were obtained; 66.7% from hospitals; 21.6% from community care and 16.7% from nursing homes. Prevalence percentages: at hospitals, adults: 7,87% (CI95%: 7,31-8,47%); paediatric units, 3,36% (CI95%: 1,44-7,61%); nursing homes 13,41% (CI95%: 12,6-14,2%); and community care, 0,44% (CI 95%: 0,41-0,47%) among older than 65 years and 8,51% (CI95%: 7,96-9,1%) among people in home care programs. The Intensive Care Units (ICU) have the highest prevalence, reaching the 18%. On the whole, 65.5% of the PU are nosocomials and only the 29.4% were developed at homes. The majority of the lesions are classified in category 2. The duration of 30 days (as median) and the area was of 6 cm² (median). Conclusions: In Spain, the prevalence of PU is not decreasing, from previous studies; and even it has doubled in nursing homes. At hospitals, the ICU are the places with highest prevalence. When considering the nursing homes, the private ones have higher prevalence than the public ones. Two-thirds of the PU has a nosocomial origin (hospitals or nursing homes), what could mean a failure in prevention.

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          Interval estimation for the difference between independent proportions: comparison of eleven methods

          Several existing unconditional methods for setting confidence intervals for the difference between binomial proportions are evaluated. Computationally simpler methods are prone to a variety of aberrations and poor coverage properties. The closely interrelated methods of Mee and Miettinen and Nurminen perform well but require a computer program. Two new approaches which also avoid aberrations are developed and evaluated. A tail area profile likelihood based method produces the best coverage properties, but is difficult to calculate for large denominators. A method combining Wilson score intervals for the two proportions to be compared also performs well, and is readily implemented irrespective of sample size.
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            Pressure ulcer prevalence in Europe: a pilot study.

            Numerous prevalence studies have been conducted. The problem with these studies is that prevalence proportions cannot be compared with each other, because of differences in performance of each survey. There is no agreed standardized method for determining prevalence proportions. This study aimed to develop and pilot a uniform data collection instrument and methodology to measure the pressure ulcer prevalence and to get some insight into pressure ulcer prevalence across different patient groups in Europe. Pressure ulcer experts from different European countries developed a data collection instrument, which included five categories of data: general data, patient data, risk assessment, skin observation and prevention. A convenience sample of university and general hospitals of Belgium, Italy, Portugal, UK and Sweden participated in the study. In each participating hospital, teams of two trained nurses who collected the data on the wards were established. All patients admitted before midnight on the day of the survey and older than 18 years were included. The data collection instrument and study procedure of the survey were found to be effective by all participants. 5947 patients were surveyed in 25 hospitals in five European countries. The pressure ulcer prevalence (grade 1-4) was 18.1% and if grade 1 ulcers were excluded, it was 10.5%. The sacrum and heels were the most affected locations. Only 9.7% of the patients in need of prevention received fully adequate preventive care. The methodology is sufficiently robust to measure and compare pressure ulcer prevalence in different countries. The pressure ulcer prevalence was higher than expected and relatively few patients received adequate prevention. This indicates that more attention to prevention is needed in Europe.
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              Medical device related pressure ulcers in hospitalized patients.

              Most pressure ulcers occur over bony prominences such as heels and the sacrum. However, the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel recognises that pressure ulcers can also occur on any tissue under pressure and thereby can develop beneath medical devices. This article reports on results from a secondary analysis of existing data collected by The Nebraska Medical Center on pressure ulcer quality improvement initiatives and outcomes. The purpose of this study was to quantify the extent of the problem and identify risk factors for medical device related (MDR) pressure ulcer development in hospitalised patients. A subset of data collected during eight quarterly pressure ulcer incidence and prevalence studies (N = 2178) was created and analysed. The overall rate of hospital-acquired pressure ulcers was 5·4% (113 of 2079). The proportion of patients with hospital-acquired ulcers related to medical devices was 34·5% (39 of 113). Findings indicate that if a patient had a medical device, they were 2·4 times more likely to develop a pressure ulcer of any kind. Numerous risk factors for pressure ulcer development were identified; however, none differentiated between those with MDR and traditional pressure ulcers.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                geroko
                Gerokomos
                Gerokomos
                Idemm Farma, S.L. (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                1134-928X
                December 2014
                : 25
                : 4
                : 162-170
                Affiliations
                [03] Jaén orgnameComplejo Hospitalario de Jaén orgdiv1Unidad de Estrategia de Cuidados
                [02] orgnameGrupo Nacional para el Estudio y Asesoramiento en Úlceras por Presión y Heridas Crónicas (GNEAUPP) orgdiv1Comité Director
                [05] Alicante orgnameUniversidad de Alicante orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud orgdiv2Departamento de Enfermería Comunitaria, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública e Historia de la Ciencia
                [06] orgnameServicio Riojano de la Salud orgdiv1Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Medicina Preventiva
                [01] Jaén orgnameUniversidad de Jaén orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud orgdiv2Departamento de Enfermería
                [04] Sant Joan Despí orgnameSmith & Nephew Iberia orgdiv1División de Curación de Heridas
                [07] orgnameEscuela de Enfermería de Logroño
                Article
                S1134-928X2014000400006
                10.4321/S1134-928X2014000400006
                5dc281ba-743e-4714-8490-779c2c5550dd

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

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                úlceras por presión,prevalencia,estudio epidemiológico,hospital,centros sociosanitarios,atención primaria,Pressure ulcers,prevalence,epidemiological study,nursing homes,community care

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