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      Inflammation following acute myocardial infarction: Multiple players, dynamic roles, and novel therapeutic opportunities

      review-article
      a , b , a , b , a , b , g , h , a , b , a , b , e , f , g , 1 , a , b , c , d , i , j , * , 1
      Pharmacology & Therapeutics
      Pergamon Press
      ACS, Acute coronary syndrome, AMI, Acute myocardial infarction, AGEs, Advanced glycation end-products, BAFF, B-cell activating factor, C1-INH, C1-inhibitor, CCL2, Chemokine ligand 2, CCL5, Chemokine ligand 5, CCR2, Chemokine receptor 2, CCR5, Chemokine receptor 5, CCR9, Chemokine receptor 5, CR1, Complement receptor 1, CINC-1, CXCL1, GRO α, KC, Cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant 1, DAMPs, Damage-associated molecular patterns, ECM, Extracellular matrix, EDA, Extra domain A, eRNA, Extracellular ribonucleic acids, FN-EDA, Fibronectin-end domain A, HSPs, Heat shock proteins, hs-CRP, High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, HMGB1, High mobility group box 1, ICAM-1/ICAM-2, Intercellular adhesion molecule, IFN-γ, Interferon-γ, IRF5, Interferon regulatory factor 5, IHD, Ischemic heart disease, IL-1, Interleukin-1, IL-8, CXCL8, Interleukin-8, LV, Left ventricular, LTB4, Leukotriene B4, MIP-2α, CXCL2, GRO β, Macrophage inflammatory protein-2α, MMPs, Matrix metalloproteinases, MCP-1, Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MyD, Myeloid differentiation primary response gene, MI, Myocardial infarction, NO, Nitric oxide, NLRs, NOD-like receptors, NF-κB, Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, NLRP3, Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family of cytosolic proteins , PRRs, Pattern recognition receptors, PS, Phosphatidylserine, PMN, Polymorphonuclear leukocytes, PPCI, Primary percutaneous coronary intervention, ROS, Reactive oxygen species, RAGE, Receptor for advanced glycation end-products, Tregs, Regulatory T cells, STEMI, ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, TLRs, Toll-like receptors, TGF-β, Transforming growth factor-β, TNFα, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, Inflammation, Acute myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury, Acute myocardial infarction, Monocytes, Macrophages, Lymphocytes, Dendritic cells, Cytokines, Chemokines, Innate immunity

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          Abstract

          Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and the heart failure that often follows, are major causes of death and disability worldwide. As such, new therapies are required to limit myocardial infarct (MI) size, prevent adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling, and reduce the onset of heart failure following AMI. The inflammatory response to AMI, plays a critical role in determining MI size, and a persistent pro-inflammatory reaction can contribute to adverse post-MI LV remodeling, making inflammation an important therapeutic target for improving outcomes following AMI. In this article, we provide an overview of the multiple players (and their dynamic roles) involved in the complex inflammatory response to AMI and subsequent LV remodeling, and highlight future opportunities for targeting inflammation as a therapeutic strategy for limiting MI size, preventing adverse LV remodeling, and reducing heart failure in AMI patients.

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          Most cited references99

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          Resolution of inflammation: an integrated view

          Resolution of inflammation is a coordinated and active process aimed at restoration of tissue integrity and function. This review integrates the key molecular and cellular mechanisms of resolution. We describe how abrogation of chemokine signalling blocks continued neutrophil tissue infiltration and how apoptotic neutrophils attract monocytes and macrophages to induce their clearance. Uptake of apoptotic neutrophils by macrophages reprograms macrophages towards a resolving phenotype, a key event to restore tissue homeostasis. Finally, we highlight the therapeutic potential that derives from understanding the mechanisms of resolution.
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            Pathological ventricular remodeling: mechanisms: part 1 of 2.

            Despite declines in heart failure morbidity and mortality with current therapies, rehospitalization rates remain distressingly high, substantially affecting individuals, society, and the economy. As a result, the need for new therapeutic advances and novel medical devices is urgent. Disease-related left ventricular remodeling is a complex process involving cardiac myocyte growth and death, vascular rarefaction, fibrosis, inflammation, and electrophysiological remodeling. Because these events are highly interrelated, targeting a single molecule or process may not be sufficient. Here, we review molecular and cellular mechanisms governing pathological ventricular remodeling.
              • Record: found
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              The inflammasome promotes adverse cardiac remodeling following acute myocardial infarction in the mouse.

              Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) initiates an intense inflammatory response that promotes cardiac dysfunction, cell death, and ventricular remodeling. The molecular events underlying this inflammatory response, however, are incompletely understood. In experimental models of sterile inflammation, ATP released from dying cells triggers, through activation of the purinergic P2X7 receptor, the formation of the inflammasome, a multiprotein complex necessary for caspase-1 activation and amplification of the inflammatory response. Here we describe the presence of the inflammasome in the heart in an experimental mouse model of AMI as evidenced by increased caspase-1 activity and cytoplasmic aggregates of the three components of the inflammasome--apoptosis speck-like protein containing a caspase-recruitment domain (ASC), cryopyrin, and caspase-1, localized to the granulation tissue and cardiomyocytes bordering the infarct. Cultured adult murine cardiomyocytes also showed the inducible formation of the inflammasome associated with increased cell death. P2X7 and cryopyrin inhibition (using silencing RNA or a pharmacologic inhibitor) prevented the formation of the inflammasome and limited infarct size and cardiac enlargement after AMI. The formation of the inflammasome in the mouse heart during AMI causes additional loss of functional myocardium, leading to heart failure. Modulation of the inflammasome may therefore represent a unique therapeutic strategy to limit cell death and prevent heart failure after AMI.

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Pharmacol Ther
                Pharmacol. Ther
                Pharmacology & Therapeutics
                Pergamon Press
                0163-7258
                1879-016X
                1 June 2018
                June 2018
                : 186
                : 73-87
                Affiliations
                [a ]Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore
                [b ]National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
                [c ]The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, UK
                [d ]The National Institute of Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UK
                [e ]Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
                [f ]Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Centro de Biotecnologia-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
                [g ]Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
                [h ]German Center for Lung Research, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Hessen, Germany
                [i ]Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore
                [j ]Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases Program, Duke-National University of Singapore, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore. derek.hausenloy@ 123456duke-nus.edu.sg
                [1]

                These two authors are joint senior authors.

                Article
                S0163-7258(18)30001-9
                10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.01.001
                5981007
                29330085
                5dd77cfb-7028-4933-8fba-00ed73846b95
                © 2018 The Authors

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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                Article

                Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                acs, acute coronary syndrome,ami, acute myocardial infarction,ages, advanced glycation end-products,baff, b-cell activating factor,c1-inh, c1-inhibitor,ccl2, chemokine ligand 2,ccl5, chemokine ligand 5,ccr2, chemokine receptor 2,ccr5, chemokine receptor 5,ccr9, chemokine receptor 5,cr1, complement receptor 1,cinc-1, cxcl1, gro α, kc, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant 1,damps, damage-associated molecular patterns,ecm, extracellular matrix,eda, extra domain a,erna, extracellular ribonucleic acids,fn-eda, fibronectin-end domain a,hsps, heat shock proteins,hs-crp, high-sensitivity c-reactive protein,hmgb1, high mobility group box 1,icam-1/icam-2, intercellular adhesion molecule,ifn-γ, interferon-γ,irf5, interferon regulatory factor 5,ihd, ischemic heart disease,il-1, interleukin-1,il-8, cxcl8, interleukin-8,lv, left ventricular,ltb4, leukotriene b4,mip-2α, cxcl2, gro β, macrophage inflammatory protein-2α,mmps, matrix metalloproteinases,mcp-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1,myd, myeloid differentiation primary response gene,mi, myocardial infarction,no, nitric oxide,nlrs, nod-like receptors,nf-κb, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated b cells,nlrp3, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family of cytosolic proteins,prrs, pattern recognition receptors,ps, phosphatidylserine,pmn, polymorphonuclear leukocytes,ppci, primary percutaneous coronary intervention,ros, reactive oxygen species,rage, receptor for advanced glycation end-products,tregs, regulatory t cells,stemi, st segment elevation myocardial infarction,tlrs, toll-like receptors,tgf-β, transforming growth factor-β,tnfα, tumor necrosis factor-alpha,inflammation,acute myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury,acute myocardial infarction,monocytes,macrophages,lymphocytes,dendritic cells,cytokines,chemokines,innate immunity
                Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                acs, acute coronary syndrome, ami, acute myocardial infarction, ages, advanced glycation end-products, baff, b-cell activating factor, c1-inh, c1-inhibitor, ccl2, chemokine ligand 2, ccl5, chemokine ligand 5, ccr2, chemokine receptor 2, ccr5, chemokine receptor 5, ccr9, chemokine receptor 5, cr1, complement receptor 1, cinc-1, cxcl1, gro α, kc, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant 1, damps, damage-associated molecular patterns, ecm, extracellular matrix, eda, extra domain a, erna, extracellular ribonucleic acids, fn-eda, fibronectin-end domain a, hsps, heat shock proteins, hs-crp, high-sensitivity c-reactive protein, hmgb1, high mobility group box 1, icam-1/icam-2, intercellular adhesion molecule, ifn-γ, interferon-γ, irf5, interferon regulatory factor 5, ihd, ischemic heart disease, il-1, interleukin-1, il-8, cxcl8, interleukin-8, lv, left ventricular, ltb4, leukotriene b4, mip-2α, cxcl2, gro β, macrophage inflammatory protein-2α, mmps, matrix metalloproteinases, mcp-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, myd, myeloid differentiation primary response gene, mi, myocardial infarction, no, nitric oxide, nlrs, nod-like receptors, nf-κb, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated b cells, nlrp3, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family of cytosolic proteins, prrs, pattern recognition receptors, ps, phosphatidylserine, pmn, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, ppci, primary percutaneous coronary intervention, ros, reactive oxygen species, rage, receptor for advanced glycation end-products, tregs, regulatory t cells, stemi, st segment elevation myocardial infarction, tlrs, toll-like receptors, tgf-β, transforming growth factor-β, tnfα, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, inflammation, acute myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury, acute myocardial infarction, monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, dendritic cells, cytokines, chemokines, innate immunity

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