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      Myth or Reality—Transdermal Magnesium?

      review-article
      Author(s): 1 , * , 2 , 2 , 1 , 3
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Nutrients
      Publisher: MDPI
      Keywords: magnesium, transdermal

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          Abstract

          In the following review, we evaluated the current literature and evidence-based data on transdermal magnesium application and show that the propagation of transdermal magnesium is scientifically unsupported. The importance of magnesium and the positive effects of magnesium supplementation are extensively documented in magnesium deficiency, e.g., cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. The effectiveness of oral magnesium supplementation for the treatment of magnesium deficiency has been studied in detail. However, the proven and well-documented oral magnesium supplementation has become questioned in the recent years through intensive marketing for its transdermal application (e.g., magnesium-containing sprays, magnesium flakes, and magnesium salt baths). In both, specialist and lay press as well as on the internet, there are increasing numbers of articles claiming the effectiveness and superiority of transdermal magnesium over an oral application. It is claimed that the transdermal absorption of magnesium in comparison to oral application is more effective due to better absorption and fewer side effects as it bypasses the gastrointestinal tract.

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          Effect of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis.

          Keri Carpenter, Anthony J Weekes, L Kass (2012)
          To date, there has been inconclusive evidence regarding the effect of magnesium supplements on blood pressure (BP). This meta-analysis was conducted to assess the effect of magnesium supplementation on BP and to establish the characteristics of trials showing the largest effect size. Primary outcome measures were systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at the end of the follow-up period. One hundred and forty-one papers were identified, of which 22 trials with 23 sets of data (n=1173), with 3 to 24 weeks of follow-up met the inclusion criteria, with a supplemented elemental magnesium range of 120-973 mg (mean dose 410 mg). 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using DerSimonian and Laird's random-effects model, with effect size calculated using Hedges G. Combining all data, an overall effect of 0.36 and 0.32 for DBP and SBP, respectively, was observed (95% CI 0.27-0.44 for DBP and 0.23-0.41 for SBP), with a greater effect being seen for the intervention in crossover trials (DBP 0.47, SBP 0.51). Effect size increased in line with increased dosage. Although not all individual trials showed significance in BP reduction, combining all trials did show a decrease in SBP of 3-4 mm Hg and DBP of 2-3 mm Hg, which further increased with crossover designed trials and intake >370 mg/day. To conclude, magnesium supplementation appears to achieve a small but clinically significant reduction in BP, an effect worthy of future prospective large randomised trials using solid methodology.
          Article 0 comments Cited 72 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Modeling the human skin barrier--towards a better understanding of dermal absorption.

            Owen Jepps, Yuri Dancik, Yuri Anissimov … (2013)
            Many drugs are presently delivered through the skin from products developed for topical and transdermal applications. Underpinning these technologies are the interactions between the drug, product and skin that define drug penetration, distribution, and elimination in and through the skin. Most work has been focused on modeling transport of drugs through the stratum corneum, the outermost skin layer widely recognized as presenting the rate-determining step for the penetration of most compounds. However, a growing body of literature is dedicated to considering the influence of the rest of the skin on drug penetration and distribution. In this article we review how our understanding of skin physiology and the experimentally observed mechanisms of transdermal drug transport inform the current models of drug penetration and distribution in the skin. Our focus is on models that have been developed to describe particular phenomena observed at particular sites of the skin, reflecting the most recent directions of investigation. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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              Comparative community genomics in the Dead Sea: an increasingly extreme environment.

              William Rosenberg, Aharon Oren, Shimshon Belkin … (2010)
              Owing to the extreme salinity ( approximately 10 times saltier than the oceans), near toxic magnesium levels (approximately 2.0 M Mg(2+)), the dominance of divalent cations, acidic pH (6.0) and high-absorbed radiation flux rates, the Dead Sea represents a unique and harsh ecosystem. Measures of microbial presence (microscopy, pigments and lipids) indicate that during rare bloom events after exceptionally rainy seasons, the microbial communities can reach high densities. However, most of the time, when the Dead Sea level is declining and halite is precipitating from the water column, it is difficult to reliably measure the presence of microorganisms and their activities. Although a number of halophilic Archaea have been previously isolated from the Dead Sea, polar lipid analyses of biomass collected during Dead Sea blooms suggested that these isolates were not the major components of the microbial community of these blooms. In this study, in an effort to characterize the perennial microbial community of the Dead Sea and compare it with bloom assemblages, we performed metagenomic analyses of concentrated biomass from hundreds of liters of brine and of microbial material from the last massive Dead Sea bloom. The difference between the two conditions was reflected in community composition and diversity, in which the bloom was different and less diverse from the residual brine population. The distributional patterns of microbial genes suggested Dead Sea community trends in mono- and divalent cation metabolisms as well as in transposable elements. This may indicate possible mechanisms and pathways enabling these microbes to survive in such a harsh environment.
              Article 0 comments Cited 33 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nutrients
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nutrients
                Journal ID (publisher-id): nutrients
                Title: Nutrients
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2072-6643
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 July 2017
                Publication date Collection: August 2017
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 8
                Electronic Location Identifier: 813
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Akademie für Mikronährstoffmedizin, Zweigertstr. 55, 45130 Essen, Germany; kisters@ 123456annahospital.de
                [2 ]IPEV Institute for Prevention and Nutrition, Adalperostr. 37, D-85737 Ismaning, Germany; werner.tanja@ 123456protina.de (T.W.); vormann@ 123456ipev.de (J.V.)
                [3 ]Medizinische Klinik I, St. Anna-Hospital, 44649 Herne, Germany
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: uwegroeber@ 123456gmx.net ; Tel.: +49-201-8742984
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5997-0189
                Article
                Publisher ID: nutrients-09-00813
                DOI: 10.3390/nu9080813
                PMC ID: 5579607
                PubMed ID: 28788060
                SO-VID: 5e04d9d8-3488-42c0-a754-22d016b018f9
                Copyright © © 2017 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 31 May 2017
                Date accepted : 24 July 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics
                Keywords: magnesium,transdermal
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics
                Keywords: magnesium, transdermal

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