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      Revisión de la composición de las bebidas energizantes y efectos en la salud percibidos por jóvenes consumidores Translated title: Review of the composition of energy drinks and health effects perceived by young consumers

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción. La alimentación es un factor que condiciona la salud de los individuos, teniendo gran importancia en el desarrollo físico y el crecimiento, la reproducción y el rendimiento físico e intelectual(1). Las bebidas energéticas son bebidas analcohólicas, generalmente gasificadas, compuestas principalmente por cafeína e hidratos de carbono, aminoácidos, vitaminas, minerales, extractos vegetales, acompañados de aditivos como conservadores, saborizantes, así como colorantes. Objetivo. Presentar información de la composición de las bebidas energizantes y de los efectos secundarios que produce en adolescentes y jóvenes universitarios que consumen dichas bebidas. Material y métodos. Se realizó la compilación de la información de las bebidas energizantes comercializadas en comercios locales de la ciudad de Pachuca Hidalgo. Además, se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de artículos de la literatura nacional e internacional más actualizada sobre las bebidas energizantes y sus posibles efectos en la salud en población entre 14 y 23 años. Se identificaron artículos del 2013 al 2020, en diversos buscadores como Google Scholar, MEDLINE, PUBMED, Scielo. Resultados. Las bebidas energizantes presentaron un alto contenido de azúcares, cafeína y taurina, además de otros componentes como vitaminas. El consumo de bebidas energizantes se ha incrementado sustancialmente y está relacionado con efectos en diferentes ámbitos en la salud desde el sistema cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, función hepática y respiratorio. Conclusión. Las bebidas energizantes presentaron componentes como cafeína y taurina relacionado con efectos secundarios como problemas cardiovasculares, taquicardias, malestares gastrointestinales o nerviosismo.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction. Diet is a factor that determines the health of individuals, having great importance in physical development and growth, reproduction and physical and intellectual performance. Energy drinks are nonalcoholic drinks, frequently carbonated, composed mainly of caffeine and carbohydrates, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, vegetable extracts, accompanied by additives such as preservatives, flavors, and colorants. Objective. To present information on the composition of energy drinks and the side effects they produce in teenagers and university students who consume energy drinks. Material and methods. The compilation of information on energy drinks sold in local shops in the city of Pachuca Hidalgo was carried out. In addition, a systematic review of articles from the most current national and international literature on energy drinks and their possible effects on health in the population between 14 and 23 years was carried out. Articles from 2013 to 2020 were identified in various search engines such as Google Scholar, MEDLINE, PUBMED, Scielo. Results. Energy drinks added to a high content of sugars, caffeine and taurine, in addition to other components such as vitamins. The consumption of energy drinks has increased and is related to the effects on different variables in health from the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, liver and respiratory functions. Conclusion. Energy drinks components such as caffeine and taurine related to side effects such as cardiovascular problems, tachycardia, gastrointestinal upset or nervousness.

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          Most cited references23

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          Systematic review of the potential adverse effects of caffeine consumption in healthy adults, pregnant women, adolescents, and children

          To date, one of the most heavily cited assessments of caffeine safety in the peer-reviewed literature is that issued by Health Canada (Nawrot et al., 2003). Since then, >10,000 papers have been published related to caffeine, including hundreds of reviews on specific human health effects; however, to date, none have compared the wide range of topics evaluated by Nawrot et al. (2003). Thus, as an update to this foundational publication, we conducted a systematic review of data on potential adverse effects of caffeine published from 2001 to June 2015. Subject matter experts and research team participants developed five PECO (population, exposure, comparator, and outcome) questions to address five types of outcomes (acute toxicity, cardiovascular toxicity, bone and calcium effects, behavior, and development and reproduction) in four healthy populations (adults, pregnant women, adolescents, and children) relative to caffeine intake doses determined not to be associated with adverse effects by Health Canada (comparators: 400 mg/day for adults [10 g for lethality], 300 mg/day for pregnant women, and 2.5 mg/kg/day for children and adolescents). The a priori search strategy identified >5000 articles that were screened, with 381 meeting inclusion/exclusion criteria for the five outcomes (pharmacokinetics was addressed contextually, adding 46 more studies). Data were extracted by the research team and rated for risk of bias and indirectness (internal and external validity). Selected no- and low-effect intakes were assessed relative to the population-specific comparator. Conclusions were drawn for the body of evidence for each outcome, as well as endpoints within an outcome, using a weight of evidence approach. When the total body of evidence was evaluated and when study quality, consistency, level of adversity, and magnitude of response were considered, the evidence generally supports that consumption of up to 400 mg caffeine/day in healthy adults is not associated with overt, adverse cardiovascular effects, behavioral effects, reproductive and developmental effects, acute effects, or bone status. Evidence also supports consumption of up to 300 mg caffeine/day in healthy pregnant women as an intake that is generally not associated with adverse reproductive and developmental effects. Limited data were identified for child and adolescent populations; the available evidence suggests that 2.5 mg caffeine/kg body weight/day remains an appropriate recommendation. The results of this systematic review support a shift in caffeine research to focus on characterizing effects in sensitive populations and establishing better quantitative characterization of interindividual variability (e.g., epigenetic trends), subpopulations (e.g., unhealthy populations, individuals with preexisting conditions), conditions (e.g., coexposures), and outcomes (e.g., exacerbation of risk-taking behavior) that could render individuals to be at greater risk relative to healthy adults and healthy pregnant women. This review, being one of the first to apply systematic review methodologies to toxicological assessments, also highlights the need for refined guidance and frameworks unique to the conduct of systematic review in this field.
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            Sobrepeso y obesidad en niños y adolescentes en México, actualización de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición de Medio Camino 2016

            Resumen: Objetivo: Actualizar las prevalencias de sobrepeso y obesidad (SP+O) y estudiar algunos determinantes asociados en población<20 años, de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición de Medio Camino 2016 (Ensanut MC 2016). Material y métodos: La Ensanut MC 2016 es una encuesta nacional probabilística. Se estimó el puntaje Z del índice de masa corporal. Se clasificó el riesgo de sobrepeso, sobrepeso y obesidad de acuerdo con el patrón de referencia de la OMS. Se estudiaron variables sociodemográficas asociadas con sobrepeso mediante regresión logística. Resultados: La prevalencia nacional de SP+O en <5 años fue niñas 5.8%, niños 6.5%; escolares niñas 32.8%, niños 33.7%; adolescentes mujeres 39.2% y hombres 33.5%. Las mujeres adolescentes de localidades rurales mostraron un incremento de 2012 a 2016 de 9.5 puntos porcentuales. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de SP+O en niñas y mujeres en zonas rurales muestran un aumento importante en un periodo corto, lo que llama a implementar acciones de atención inmediatas.
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              Energy Drink Consumption in Europe: A Review of the Risks, Adverse Health Effects, and Policy Options to Respond

              With the worldwide consumption of energy drinks increasing in recent years, concerns have been raised both in the scientific community and among the general public about the health effects of these products. Recent studies provide data on consumption patterns in Europe; however, more research is needed to determine the potential for adverse health effects related to the increasing consumption of energy drinks, particularly among young people. A review of the literature was conducted to identify published articles that examined the health risks, consequences, and policies related to energy drink consumption. The health risks associated with energy drink consumption are primarily related to their caffeine content, but more research is needed that evaluates the long-term effects of consuming common energy drink ingredients. The evidence indicating adverse health effects due to the consumption of energy drinks with alcohol is growing. The risks of heavy consumption of energy drinks among young people have largely gone unaddressed and are poised to become a significant public health problem in the future.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                jonnpr
                Journal of Negative and No Positive Results
                JONNPR
                Research and Science S.L. (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                2529-850X
                2021
                : 6
                : 1
                : 177-188
                Affiliations
                [2] orgnameUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo orgdiv1Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud orgdiv2Área Académica de Nutrición Mexico
                [3] orgnameUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo orgdiv1Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud orgdiv2Área Académica de Psicología Mexico
                [1] orgnameUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo orgdiv1Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud Mexico
                [4] orgnameUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo orgdiv1Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud orgdiv2Área Académica de Medicina Mexico
                [5] orgnameUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo orgdiv1Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud orgdiv2Área Académica de Enfermería Mexico
                Article
                S2529-850X2021000100011 S2529-850X(21)00600100011
                10.19230/jonnpr.3800
                5e1861a4-54fc-48f8-8c5f-4b8562ec8eb7

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 26 October 2020
                : 28 May 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 24, Pages: 12
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Revisión

                efectos adversos,Energy drinks,jóvenes,cafeína,Bebidas energizantes,caffeine,adverse effects,health damage,daños a la salud,youth

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