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      Nanotechnological strategies for systemic microbial infections treatment: A review

      review-article
      Author(s): a , * , a , b , c , a , a , c , c , c , a , *
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: International Journal of Pharmaceutics
      Publisher: Published by Elsevier B.V.
      Keywords: Systemic infections, Sepsis treatment, Nanotechnology, Drug delivery systems, A, alginate, ABZ-SO and CUR, Microemulsion whit Albendazole Sulfuroxide and Curcumin, ACV, acyclovir, AFM, atomic force microscopy, AgNPs, silver nanoparticles, AMB-NPs, amphotericin B polymeric nanoparticle with Dibloco copolymer D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate-b-poly (ε-caprolactone glycolide) succinate , AMB/AmB, amphotericin B, Amp, ampicillin, AMPs, antimicrobial peptides, AUNC-L-Amp, lysozyme capped gold nanoclusters with β-lactam, AV, aloe vera, AZM, azithromycin, BBB, blood-brain barrier, BMS, β-methasone hemisuccinate, BNZ-nps, Polymeric nanoparticles with benznidazole, BNZ, benznidazole, BRB, blood-retinal barrier, CeO2, cerium oxide, CFU, Colony forming units, CLN, nanoemulsion carried with cefuroxime, CM-SH, cecropin melittin with cysteine, CNPs-KAg, Killed SwIAV H1N2 (δ-lineage) antigens (KAg) were encapsulated in chitosan polymer-based nanoparticles , CNPs, hitosan nanoparticles, CNS, central nervous system, CS-ALG, chitosan-alginate nanoparticles, CUR, curcumin, DCP, dicetylphosphate, DHA, Docosahexaenoic Acid, DLS, dynamic light scattering, DM, diabetes mellitus, DODAC, double-chain cationic surfactant, DPPC, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine, EDX, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, ELISA, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, Esc-Fluo-NPs, rhodamine-labeled NPs loaded with Esc(1-21), EXAFS, extended X-ray absorption fine structure, FE-SEM, field emission scanning electronic microscopy, FTIR, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, G, dendrimer generation, G2-S16, polyanionic carbosilane dendrimer, H5N, avian influenza virus, HBL, Hydrophilic–Lipophilic Balance, HBV, chronic hepatitis B, HCV, hepatite C virus, HIA, haemagglutination inhibition assay, HIV-1, human immunodeficiency virus type 1, HIV, human Immunodeficiency virus, HPH, high pressure homogenization, HS 15, macrogol hydroxystearate 15, HSK, herpes simplex keratitis, HSV-2, herpes simplex type 2, HSV, herpes simplex virus, ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, ICP-MS, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, ICU, intensive Care Units, IDV, Indinavir, IN, Intranasally, IP, Intraperitoneal, ITZ ME, Intranasal Delivery of Itraconazole in Microemulsion, IVM CS-ALG, chitosan-alginate nanoparticles with ivermectin, IVM, Ivermectin, KAg, killed SwIAV H1N2 (δ-lineage) antigens, LF-IDV-NEs, nanoemulsion carried with indinavir, treated with lactoferrin, LPS, lipopolysaccharide, LVCZ, voriconazole incorporated into liposomal structure, ME-AmB, Amphotericin B Incorporated in Microemulsion, ME, Microemulsion, MNPs, metallic nanoparticles, MODS, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, MPS, methylprednisolone sodium hemisuccinate, MRSA, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MTB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, MTX NE, nanoemulsion containing with methotrexate, N-LCT, Indigenous Natural Lipophile, Nan Osorb-ARM, Solid Microemulsion Preconcentrates With Artemether, NE, Nanoemulsion, NE02, nanoemulsion containing CpG oligonucleotide, NEG, Microemulsion in Sitogel, NLC, Nanostructured lipid carriers, nm, nanometer, NS3, non-structural protein 3, NSP, nanoscale silicate platelet, O / W, oil in water, P188, Lutrol® F-68, PAMAM, poly(amidoamine) dendrimer, PCL, Poly-ɛ-Caprolactone, PDI, polydispersity index, PE-PEG5K, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, PEG 400, low molecular weight polyethylene glycol, PEG-lipid, unmodified liposome containing PEG, PEG, polyethylene glycol, Pep4, peptide of a chlamydial glycolipid antigen-Peptide 4, PEPEG2K, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine sodium salt, PGA, glycolic acid, pH, hydrogen potential, PLA, poly (lactic acid), PLGA, Poly (lactide-co-glycolide), PLGA PNs, polymeric nanoparticle of poly (lactide-co-glycolide) with amphotericin B , PLGA-TPGS, dibloco copolymer D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate-b-poly (ε-caprolactone glycolide) succinate , PLL, poly(propylenimine), PNs/NPs, polymeric nanoparticles, PPI, poly(propylene imine), PTM, platensimycin, PVA, Polyvinyl alcohol, Rif NE, nanoemulsion with rifampicin, SEM, Scanning electron microscopy, SFX, Sparfloxacin, siRNA, small interfering RNA, SLN, lolid lipid nanoparticles, SMEDDS, Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems, SMIX, mixture of tween 20 and carbitol, SPC, soy phosphatidylcholine, SQVM, saquinavir, SwIAV H1N2, Influenza A virus, TAC, Tacrolimus, TEM, Transmission electron microscope, TGFBIp, factor β-induced protein, TLR9 / CpG - ODN 1826, class B oligonucleotide murine TLR9 agonist Topiramate PMS, TPM NE, nanoemulsion carried with topiramate, USA, United States of America, UV-Vis, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, VCZ, voriconazole, W / O, water in oil, W2, chloroquine resistant P. falciparum strain, WGA-Lip, WGA-modified liposome, WGA, wheat germ agglutinin, WHO, World Health Organization, WI-26-VA4, human lung fibroblast cell line, XPS, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XRD, X-Ray diffraction, y3-PLGA/S + T NPs, polymeric nanoparticle of poly (lactide-co-glycolide) with Sparfloxacin and tacrolimus and conjugated with y3 peptide , ZP, Zeta potential Analysis

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          Abstract

          Systemic infections is one of the major causes of mortality worldwide, and a shortage of drug approaches applied for the rapid and necessary treatment contribute to increase the levels of death in affected patients. Several drug delivery systems based in nanotechnology such as metallic nanoparticles, liposomes, nanoemulsion, microemulsion, polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, dendrimers, hydrogels and liquid crystals can contribute in the biological performance of active substances for the treatment of microbial diseases triggered by fungi, bacteria, virus and parasites. In the presentation of these statements, this review article present and demonstrate the effectiveness of these drug delivery systems for the treatment of systemic diseases caused by several microorganisms, through a review of studies on scientific literature worldwide that contributes to better information for the most diverse professionals from the areas of health sciences. The studies demonstrated that the drug delivery systems described can contribute to the therapeutic scenario of these diseases, being classified as safe, active platforms and with therapeutic versatility.

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          Is Open Access

          Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicities

          Ibrahim Khan, Khalid Saeed, Idrees Khan (2017)
          Article 0 comments Cited 997 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            The COVID‐19 epidemic

            Thirumalaisamy P. Velavan, Christian G. Meyer (2020)
            The current outbreak of the novel coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2 (coronavirus disease 2019; previously 2019‐nCoV), epi‐centred in Hubei Province of the People’s Republic of China, has spread to many other countries. On 30. January 2020, the WHO Emergency Committee declared a global health emergency based on growing case notification rates at Chinese and international locations. The case detection rate is changing daily and can be tracked in almost real time on the website provided by Johns Hopkins University 1 and other forums. As of midst of February 2020, China bears the large burden of morbidity and mortality, whereas the incidence in other Asian countries, in Europe and North America remains low so far. Coronaviruses are enveloped, positive single‐stranded large RNA viruses that infect humans, but also a wide range of animals. Coronaviruses were first described in 1966 by Tyrell and Bynoe, who cultivated the viruses from patients with common colds 2. Based on their morphology as spherical virions with a core shell and surface projections resembling a solar corona, they were termed coronaviruses (Latin: corona = crown). Four subfamilies, namely alpha‐, beta‐, gamma‐ and delta‐coronaviruses exist. While alpha‐ and beta‐coronaviruses apparently originate from mammals, in particular from bats, gamma‐ and delta‐viruses originate from pigs and birds. The genome size varies between 26 kb and 32 kb. Among the seven subtypes of coronaviruses that can infect humans, the beta‐coronaviruses may cause severe disease and fatalities, whereas alpha‐coronaviruses cause asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic infections. SARS‐CoV‐2 belongs to the B lineage of the beta‐coronaviruses and is closely related to the SARS‐CoV virus 3, 4. The major four structural genes encode the nucleocapsid protein (N), the spike protein (S), a small membrane protein (SM) and the membrane glycoprotein (M) with an additional membrane glycoprotein (HE) occurring in the HCoV‐OC43 and HKU1 beta‐coronaviruses 5. SARS‐CoV‐2 is 96% identical at the whole‐genome level to a bat coronavirus 4. SARS‐CoV‐2 apparently succeeded in making its transition from animals to humans on the Huanan seafood market in Wuhan, China. However, endeavours to identify potential intermediate hosts seem to have been neglected in Wuhan and the exact route of transmission urgently needs to be clarified. The initial clinical sign of the SARS‐CoV‐2‐related disease COVID‐19 which allowed case detection was pneumonia. More recent reports also describe gastrointestinal symptoms and asymptomatic infections, especially among young children 6. Observations so far suggest a mean incubation period of five days 7 and a median incubation period of 3 days (range: 0–24 days) 8. The proportion of individuals infected by SARS‐CoV‐2 who remain asymptomatic throughout the course of infection has not yet been definitely assessed. In symptomatic patients, the clinical manifestations of the disease usually start after less than a week, consisting of fever, cough, nasal congestion, fatigue and other signs of upper respiratory tract infections. The infection can progress to severe disease with dyspnoea and severe chest symptoms corresponding to pneumonia in approximately 75% of patients, as seen by computed tomography on admission 8. Pneumonia mostly occurs in the second or third week of a symptomatic infection. Prominent signs of viral pneumonia include decreased oxygen saturation, blood gas deviations, changes visible through chest X‐rays and other imaging techniques, with ground glass abnormalities, patchy consolidation, alveolar exudates and interlobular involvement, eventually indicating deterioration. Lymphopenia appears to be common, and inflammatory markers (C‐reactive protein and proinflammatory cytokines) are elevated. Recent investigations of 425 confirmed cases demonstrate that the current epidemic may double in the number of affected individuals every seven days and that each patient spreads infection to 2.2 other individuals on average (R0) 6. Estimates from the SARS‐CoV outbreak in 2003 reported an R0 of 3 9. A recent data‐driven analysis from the early phase of the outbreak estimates a mean R0 range from 2.2 to 3.58 10. Dense communities are at particular risk and the most vulnerable region certainly is Africa, due to dense traffic between China and Africa. Very few African countries have sufficient and appropriate diagnostic capacities and obvious challenges exist to handle such outbreaks. Indeed, the virus might soon affect Africa. WHO has identified 13 top‐priority countries (Algeria, Angola, Cote d’Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia) which either maintain direct links to China or a high volume of travel to China. Recent studies indicate that patients ≥60 years of age are at higher risk than children who might be less likely to become infected or, if so, may show milder symptoms or even asymptomatic infection 7. As of 13. February 2020, the case fatality rate of COVID‐19 infections has been approximately 2.2% (1370/60363; 13. February 2020, 06:53 PM CET); it was 9.6% (774/8096) in the SARS‐CoV epidemic 11 and 34.4% (858/2494) in the MERS‐CoV outbreak since 2012 12. Like other viruses, SARS‐CoV‐2 infects lung alveolar epithelial cells using receptor‐mediated endocytosis via the angiotensin‐converting enzyme II (ACE2) as an entry receptor 4. Artificial intelligence predicts that drugs associated with AP2‐associated protein kinase 1 (AAK1) disrupting these proteins may inhibit viral entry into the target cells 13. Baricitinib, used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, is an AAK1 and Janus kinase inhibitor and suggested for controlling viral replication 13. Moreover, one in vitro and a clinical study indicate that remdesivir, an adenosine analogue that acts as a viral protein inhibitor, has improved the condition in one patient 14, 15. Chloroquine, by increasing the endosomal pH required for virus‐cell fusion, has the potential of blocking viral infection 15 and was shown to affect activation of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK), which is involved in replication of HCoV‐229E 16. A combination of the antiretroviral drugs lopinavir and ritonavir significantly improved the clinical condition of SARS‐CoV patients 17 and might be an option in COVID‐19 infections. Further possibilities include leronlimab, a humanised monoclonal antibody (CCR5 antagonist), and galidesivir, a nucleoside RNA polymerase inhibitor, both of which have shown survival benefits in several deadly virus infections and are being considered as potential treatment candidates 18. Repurposing these available drugs for immediate use in treatment in SARS‐CoV‐2 infections could improve the currently available clinical management. Clinical trials presently registered at ClinicalTrials.gov focus on the efficacy of remdesivir, immunoglobulins, arbidol hydrochloride combined with interferon atomisation, ASC09F+Oseltamivir, ritonavir plus oseltamivir, lopinavir plus ritonavir, mesenchymal stem cell treatment, darunavir plus cobicistat, hydroxychloroquine, methylprednisolone and washed microbiota transplantation 19. Given the fragile health systems in most sub‐Saharan African countries, new and re‐emerging disease outbreaks such as the current COVID‐19 epidemic can potentially paralyse health systems at the expense of primary healthcare requirements. The impact of the Ebola epidemic on the economy and healthcare structures is still felt five years later in those countries which were affected. Effective outbreak responses and preparedness during emergencies of such magnitude are challenging across African and other lower‐middle‐income countries. Such situations can partly only be mitigated by supporting existing regional and sub‐Saharan African health structures.
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              Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids

              T.P. Tim Cushnie, Andrew Lamb (2005)
              Flavonoids are ubiquitous in photosynthesising cells and are commonly found in fruit, vegetables, nuts, seeds, stems, flowers, tea, wine, propolis and honey. For centuries, preparations containing these compounds as the principal physiologically active constituents have been used to treat human diseases. Increasingly, this class of natural products is becoming the subject of anti-infective research, and many groups have isolated and identified the structures of flavonoids possessing antifungal, antiviral and antibacterial activity. Moreover, several groups have demonstrated synergy between active flavonoids as well as between flavonoids and existing chemotherapeutics. Reports of activity in the field of antibacterial flavonoid research are widely conflicting, probably owing to inter- and intra-assay variation in susceptibility testing. However, several high-quality investigations have examined the relationship between flavonoid structure and antibacterial activity and these are in close agreement. In addition, numerous research groups have sought to elucidate the antibacterial mechanisms of action of selected flavonoids. The activity of quercetin, for example, has been at least partially attributed to inhibition of DNA gyrase. It has also been proposed that sophoraflavone G and (−)-epigallocatechin gallate inhibit cytoplasmic membrane function, and that licochalcones A and C inhibit energy metabolism. Other flavonoids whose mechanisms of action have been investigated include robinetin, myricetin, apigenin, rutin, galangin, 2,4,2′-trihydroxy-5′-methylchalcone and lonchocarpol A. These compounds represent novel leads, and future studies may allow the development of a pharmacologically acceptable antimicrobial agent or class of agents.
              Article 0 comments Cited 664 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Matheus Aparecido dos Santos Ramos
                Marlus Chorilli
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Pharm
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Pharm
                Title: International Journal of Pharmaceutics
                Publisher: Published by Elsevier B.V.
                ISSN (Print): 0378-5173
                ISSN (Electronic): 1873-3476
                Publication date PMC-release: 26 August 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 26 August 2020
                Electronic Location Identifier: 119780
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Drug and Medicines, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State, Brazil. Zip Code: 14.800-903
                [b ]Department of Genetic and Morphology, Brasília University (UNB), Institute of Biological Sciences Zip Code: 70735100
                [c ]Department of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State, Brazil. Zip Code: 14.800-903
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: Department of Drug and Medicines, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State, Brazil. Zip Code: 14.800-903 matheus.s.ramos@ 123456unesp.br marlus.chorilli@ 123456unesp.br
                Article
                Publisher ID: S0378-5173(20)30764-X Publisher ID: 119780
                DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119780
                PMC ID: 7449125
                SO-VID: 5e1c29ba-3e4b-4b94-b6c4-bc787407a1ac
                Copyright © © 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 21 April 2020
                Date revision received : 27 July 2020
                Date accepted : 13 August 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: systemic infections,sepsis treatment,nanotechnology,drug delivery systems,a, alginate,abz-so and cur, microemulsion whit albendazole sulfuroxide and curcumin,acv, acyclovir,afm, atomic force microscopy,agnps, silver nanoparticles,amb-nps, amphotericin b polymeric nanoparticle with dibloco copolymer d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate-b-poly (ε-caprolactone glycolide) succinate,amb/amb, amphotericin b,amp, ampicillin,amps, antimicrobial peptides,aunc-l-amp, lysozyme capped gold nanoclusters with β-lactam,av, aloe vera,azm, azithromycin,bbb, blood-brain barrier,bms, β-methasone hemisuccinate,bnz-nps, polymeric nanoparticles with benznidazole,bnz, benznidazole,brb, blood-retinal barrier,ceo2, cerium oxide,cfu, colony forming units,cln, nanoemulsion carried with cefuroxime,cm-sh, cecropin melittin with cysteine,cnps-kag, killed swiav h1n2 (δ-lineage) antigens (kag) were encapsulated in chitosan polymer-based nanoparticles,cnps, hitosan nanoparticles,cns, central nervous system,cs-alg, chitosan-alginate nanoparticles,cur, curcumin,dcp, dicetylphosphate,dha, docosahexaenoic acid,dls, dynamic light scattering,dm, diabetes mellitus,dodac, double-chain cationic surfactant,dppc, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine,edx, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy,elisa, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,esc-fluo-nps, rhodamine-labeled nps loaded with esc(1-21),exafs, extended x-ray absorption fine structure,fe-sem, field emission scanning electronic microscopy,ftir, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy,g, dendrimer generation,g2-s16, polyanionic carbosilane dendrimer,h5n, avian influenza virus,hbl, hydrophilic–lipophilic balance,hbv, chronic hepatitis b,hcv, hepatite c virus,hia, haemagglutination inhibition assay,hiv-1, human immunodeficiency virus type 1,hiv, human immunodeficiency virus,hph, high pressure homogenization,hs 15, macrogol hydroxystearate 15,hsk, herpes simplex keratitis,hsv-2, herpes simplex type 2,hsv, herpes simplex virus,icam-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1,icp-ms, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry,icu, intensive care units,idv, indinavir,in, intranasally,ip, intraperitoneal,itz me, intranasal delivery of itraconazole in microemulsion,ivm cs-alg, chitosan-alginate nanoparticles with ivermectin,ivm, ivermectin,kag, killed swiav h1n2 (δ-lineage) antigens,lf-idv-nes, nanoemulsion carried with indinavir, treated with lactoferrin,lps, lipopolysaccharide,lvcz, voriconazole incorporated into liposomal structure,me-amb, amphotericin b incorporated in microemulsion,me, microemulsion,mnps, metallic nanoparticles,mods, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome,mps, methylprednisolone sodium hemisuccinate,mrsa, methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus,mtb, mycobacterium tuberculosis,mtx ne, nanoemulsion containing with methotrexate,n-lct, indigenous natural lipophile,nan osorb-arm, solid microemulsion preconcentrates with artemether,ne, nanoemulsion,ne02, nanoemulsion containing cpg oligonucleotide,neg, microemulsion in sitogel,nlc, nanostructured lipid carriers,nm, nanometer,ns3, non-structural protein 3,nsp, nanoscale silicate platelet,o / w, oil in water,p188, lutrol® f-68,pamam, poly(amidoamine) dendrimer,pcl, poly-ɛ-caprolactone,pdi, polydispersity index,pe-peg5k, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine,peg 400, low molecular weight polyethylene glycol,peg-lipid, unmodified liposome containing peg,peg, polyethylene glycol,pep4, peptide of a chlamydial glycolipid antigen-peptide 4,pepeg2k, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine sodium salt,pga, glycolic acid,ph, hydrogen potential,pla, poly (lactic acid),plga, poly (lactide-co-glycolide),plga pns, polymeric nanoparticle of poly (lactide-co-glycolide) with amphotericin b,plga-tpgs, dibloco copolymer d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate-b-poly (ε-caprolactone glycolide) succinate,pll, poly(propylenimine),pns/nps, polymeric nanoparticles,ppi, poly(propylene imine),ptm, platensimycin,pva, polyvinyl alcohol,rif ne, nanoemulsion with rifampicin,sem, scanning electron microscopy,sfx, sparfloxacin,sirna, small interfering rna,sln, lolid lipid nanoparticles,smedds, self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems,smix, mixture of tween 20 and carbitol,spc, soy phosphatidylcholine,sqvm, saquinavir,swiav h1n2, influenza a virus,tac, tacrolimus,tem, transmission electron microscope,tgfbip, factor β-induced protein,tlr9 / cpg - odn 1826, class b oligonucleotide murine tlr9 agonist topiramate pms,tpm ne, nanoemulsion carried with topiramate,usa, united states of america,uv-vis, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy,vcz, voriconazole,w / o, water in oil,w2, chloroquine resistant p. falciparum strain,wga-lip, wga-modified liposome,wga, wheat germ agglutinin,who, world health organization,wi-26-va4, human lung fibroblast cell line,xps, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,xrd, x-ray diffraction,y3-plga/s + t nps, polymeric nanoparticle of poly (lactide-co-glycolide) with sparfloxacin and tacrolimus and conjugated with y3 peptide,zp, zeta potential analysis
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: systemic infections, sepsis treatment, nanotechnology, drug delivery systems, a, alginate, abz-so and cur, microemulsion whit albendazole sulfuroxide and curcumin, acv, acyclovir, afm, atomic force microscopy, agnps, silver nanoparticles, amb-nps, amphotericin b polymeric nanoparticle with dibloco copolymer d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate-b-poly (ε-caprolactone glycolide) succinate, amb/amb, amphotericin b, amp, ampicillin, amps, antimicrobial peptides, aunc-l-amp, lysozyme capped gold nanoclusters with β-lactam, av, aloe vera, azm, azithromycin, bbb, blood-brain barrier, bms, β-methasone hemisuccinate, bnz-nps, polymeric nanoparticles with benznidazole, bnz, benznidazole, brb, blood-retinal barrier, ceo2, cerium oxide, cfu, colony forming units, cln, nanoemulsion carried with cefuroxime, cm-sh, cecropin melittin with cysteine, cnps-kag, killed swiav h1n2 (δ-lineage) antigens (kag) were encapsulated in chitosan polymer-based nanoparticles, cnps, hitosan nanoparticles, cns, central nervous system, cs-alg, chitosan-alginate nanoparticles, cur, curcumin, dcp, dicetylphosphate, dha, docosahexaenoic acid, dls, dynamic light scattering, dm, diabetes mellitus, dodac, double-chain cationic surfactant, dppc, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine, edx, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, elisa, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, esc-fluo-nps, rhodamine-labeled nps loaded with esc(1-21), exafs, extended x-ray absorption fine structure, fe-sem, field emission scanning electronic microscopy, ftir, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, g, dendrimer generation, g2-s16, polyanionic carbosilane dendrimer, h5n, avian influenza virus, hbl, hydrophilic–lipophilic balance, hbv, chronic hepatitis b, hcv, hepatite c virus, hia, haemagglutination inhibition assay, hiv-1, human immunodeficiency virus type 1, hiv, human immunodeficiency virus, hph, high pressure homogenization, hs 15, macrogol hydroxystearate 15, hsk, herpes simplex keratitis, hsv-2, herpes simplex type 2, hsv, herpes simplex virus, icam-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, icp-ms, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, icu, intensive care units, idv, indinavir, in, intranasally, ip, intraperitoneal, itz me, intranasal delivery of itraconazole in microemulsion, ivm cs-alg, chitosan-alginate nanoparticles with ivermectin, ivm, ivermectin, kag, killed swiav h1n2 (δ-lineage) antigens, lf-idv-nes, nanoemulsion carried with indinavir, treated with lactoferrin, lps, lipopolysaccharide, lvcz, voriconazole incorporated into liposomal structure, me-amb, amphotericin b incorporated in microemulsion, me, microemulsion, mnps, metallic nanoparticles, mods, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, mps, methylprednisolone sodium hemisuccinate, mrsa, methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus, mtb, mycobacterium tuberculosis, mtx ne, nanoemulsion containing with methotrexate, n-lct, indigenous natural lipophile, nan osorb-arm, solid microemulsion preconcentrates with artemether, ne, nanoemulsion, ne02, nanoemulsion containing cpg oligonucleotide, neg, microemulsion in sitogel, nlc, nanostructured lipid carriers, nm, nanometer, ns3, non-structural protein 3, nsp, nanoscale silicate platelet, o / w, oil in water, p188, lutrol® f-68, pamam, poly(amidoamine) dendrimer, pcl, poly-ɛ-caprolactone, pdi, polydispersity index, pe-peg5k, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, peg 400, low molecular weight polyethylene glycol, peg-lipid, unmodified liposome containing peg, peg, polyethylene glycol, pep4, peptide of a chlamydial glycolipid antigen-peptide 4, pepeg2k, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine sodium salt, pga, glycolic acid, ph, hydrogen potential, pla, poly (lactic acid), plga, poly (lactide-co-glycolide), plga pns, polymeric nanoparticle of poly (lactide-co-glycolide) with amphotericin b, plga-tpgs, dibloco copolymer d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate-b-poly (ε-caprolactone glycolide) succinate, pll, poly(propylenimine), pns/nps, polymeric nanoparticles, ppi, poly(propylene imine), ptm, platensimycin, pva, polyvinyl alcohol, rif ne, nanoemulsion with rifampicin, sem, scanning electron microscopy, sfx, sparfloxacin, sirna, small interfering rna, sln, lolid lipid nanoparticles, smedds, self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems, smix, mixture of tween 20 and carbitol, spc, soy phosphatidylcholine, sqvm, saquinavir, swiav h1n2, influenza a virus, tac, tacrolimus, tem, transmission electron microscope, tgfbip, factor β-induced protein, tlr9 / cpg - odn 1826, class b oligonucleotide murine tlr9 agonist topiramate pms, tpm ne, nanoemulsion carried with topiramate, usa, united states of america, uv-vis, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, vcz, voriconazole, w / o, water in oil, w2, chloroquine resistant p. falciparum strain, wga-lip, wga-modified liposome, wga, wheat germ agglutinin, who, world health organization, wi-26-va4, human lung fibroblast cell line, xps, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, xrd, x-ray diffraction, y3-plga/s + t nps, polymeric nanoparticle of poly (lactide-co-glycolide) with sparfloxacin and tacrolimus and conjugated with y3 peptide, zp, zeta potential analysis

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