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      Targeting Breast Cancer Metastasis

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          Abstract

          Metastasis is the leading cause of breast cancer-associated deaths. Despite the significant improvement in current therapies in extending patient life, 30–40% of patients may eventually suffer from distant relapse and succumb to the disease. Consequently, a deeper understanding of the metastasis biology is key to developing better treatment strategies and achieving long-lasting therapeutic efficacies against breast cancer. This review covers recent breakthroughs in the discovery of various metastatic traits that contribute to the metastasis cascade of breast cancer, which may provide novel avenues for therapeutic targeting.

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          Most cited references69

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          Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in development and disease.

          The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays crucial roles in the formation of the body plan and in the differentiation of multiple tissues and organs. EMT also contributes to tissue repair, but it can adversely cause organ fibrosis and promote carcinoma progression through a variety of mechanisms. EMT endows cells with migratory and invasive properties, induces stem cell properties, prevents apoptosis and senescence, and contributes to immunosuppression. Thus, the mesenchymal state is associated with the capacity of cells to migrate to distant organs and maintain stemness, allowing their subsequent differentiation into multiple cell types during development and the initiation of metastasis.
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            Tumor metastasis: molecular insights and evolving paradigms.

            Metastases represent the end products of a multistep cell-biological process termed the invasion-metastasis cascade, which involves dissemination of cancer cells to anatomically distant organ sites and their subsequent adaptation to foreign tissue microenvironments. Each of these events is driven by the acquisition of genetic and/or epigenetic alterations within tumor cells and the co-option of nonneoplastic stromal cells, which together endow incipient metastatic cells with traits needed to generate macroscopic metastases. Recent advances provide provocative insights into these cell-biological and molecular changes, which have implications regarding the steps of the invasion-metastasis cascade that appear amenable to therapeutic targeting. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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              Microenvironmental regulation of metastasis.

              Metastasis is a multistage process that requires cancer cells to escape from the primary tumour, survive in the circulation, seed at distant sites and grow. Each of these processes involves rate-limiting steps that are influenced by non-malignant cells of the tumour microenvironment. Many of these cells are derived from the bone marrow, particularly the myeloid lineage, and are recruited by cancer cells to enhance their survival, growth, invasion and dissemination. This Review describes experimental data demonstrating the role of the microenvironment in metastasis, identifies areas for future research and suggests possible new therapeutic avenues.

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Breast Cancer (Auckl)
                Breast Cancer (Auckl)
                Breast Cancer: Basic and Clinical Research
                Breast Cancer : Basic and Clinical Research
                Libertas Academica
                1178-2234
                2015
                01 September 2015
                : 9
                : Suppl 1
                : 23-34
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
                [2 ]Institute for Medical Engineering & Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
                [3 ]Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
                Author notes
                Article
                bcbcr-suppl.1-2015-023
                10.4137/BCBCR.S25460
                4559199
                26380552
                5e21a93d-d374-4392-8673-3ffabe86c667
                © 2015 the author(s), publisher and licensee Libertas Academica Ltd.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC-BY-NC 3.0 License.

                History
                : 21 May 2015
                : 06 August 2015
                : 10 August 2015
                Categories
                Review

                Oncology & Radiotherapy
                breast cancer,metastasis,metastatic traits,targeted therapy,precision medicine

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