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      Prevalência de transtorno de pânico em pacientes com zumbidos Translated title: The prevalence of panic disorder in patients with tinnitus

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          Abstract

          CONTEXTO: Estudos sugerem associação entre zumbidos e transtornos psiquiátricos. OBJETIVO: Identificar a presença de transtorno de pânico em uma amostra de pacientes com queixas de zumbido. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados 50 pacientes com queixa primária de zumbido de um serviço ambulatorial de otorrinolaringologia, durante um período de dois meses. A identificação de transtornos psiquiátricos e do impacto do zumbido na qualidade de vida foi feita por meio do Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI versão 5.0) e do Tinnitus Handicap Inventory. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à avaliação audiológica e responderam a um questionário clínico-demográfico desenvolvido para este estudo. RESULTADOS: Vinte (40%) pacientes apresentaram transtorno de pânico, sendo 8 com e 12 sem agorafobia; 41 (82%) pacientes apresentaram pelo menos um diagnóstico psiquiátrico, sendo os mais prevalentes: transtorno de pânico (40%), depressão maior (40%) e transtorno de ansiedade generalizada (34%). CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de transtorno de pânico em nossa amostra de pacientes com zumbidos foi elevada, o que ratifica a importância da avaliação psiquiátrica nesses pacientes.

          Translated abstract

          BACKGROUND: Many studies suggest there is an association between tinnitus and psychiatric disorders. OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence of panic disorder in a tinnitus patients' sample. METHOD: We evaluated 50 patients with the main complaint of tinnitus of an Otorhinolaryngology outpatient unit for two consecutive months. The evaluation of psychiatric disorders was made with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I version 5.0) and the evaluation of the tinnitus' impact was made with the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory. All patients also were submitted to an audiological evaluation and answered a clinical-demographic questionnaire elaborated for this study. RESULTS: Twenty (40%) patients had panic disorder, 8 with agoraphobia and 12 without agoraphobia; 41 patients (82%) had at least one psychiatric disorder, and the most prevalent were: panic disorder (40%), major depression (40%) and generalized anxiety disorder (34%). DISCUSSION: The prevalence of panic disorder in this sample of tinnitus' patients was high, which reinforces the importance of a psychiatric evaluation on these patients.

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          Phantom auditory perception (tinnitus): mechanisms of generation and perception.

          Phantom auditory perception--tinnitus--is a symptom of many pathologies. Although there are a number of theories postulating certain mechanisms of its generation, none have been proven yet. This paper analyses the phenomenon of tinnitus from the point of view of general neurophysiology. Existing theories and their extrapolation are presented, together with some new potential mechanisms of tinnitus generation, encompassing the involvement of calcium and calcium channels in cochlear function, with implications for malfunction and aging of the auditory and vestibular systems. It is hypothesized that most tinnitus results from the perception of abnormal activity, defined as activity which cannot be induced by any combination of external sounds. Moreover, it is hypothesized that signal recognition and classification circuits, working on holographic or neuronal network-like representation, are involved in the perception of tinnitus and are subject to plastic modification. Furthermore, it is proposed that all levels of the nervous system, to varying degrees, are involved in tinnitus manifestation. These concepts are used to unravel the inexplicable, unique features of tinnitus and its masking. Some clinical implications of these theories are suggested.
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            Prevalence and characteristics of tinnitus among US adults.

            Tinnitus is common; however, few risk factors for tinnitus are known. We examined cross-sectional relations between several potential risk factors and self-reported tinnitus in 14,178 participants in the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, a nationally representative database. We calculated the prevalence of any and frequent (at least daily) tinnitus in the overall US population and among subgroups. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) after adjusting for multiple potential confounders. Approximately 50 million US adults reported having any tinnitus, and 16 million US adults reported having frequent tinnitus in the past year. The prevalence of frequent tinnitus increased with increasing age, peaking at 14.3% between 60 and 69 years of age. Non-Hispanic whites had higher odds of frequent tinnitus compared with other racial/ethnic groups. Hypertension and former smoking were associated with an increase in odds of frequent tinnitus. Loud leisure-time, firearm, and occupational noise exposure also were associated with increased odds of frequent tinnitus. Among participants who had an audiogram, frequent tinnitus was associated with low-mid frequency (OR 2.37; 95% CI, 1.76-3.21) and high frequency (OR 3.00; 95% CI, 1.78-5.04) hearing impairment. Among participants who were tested for mental health conditions, frequent tinnitus was associated with generalized anxiety disorder (OR 6.07; 95% CI, 2.33-15.78) but not major depressive disorder (OR 1.58; 95% CI, 0.54-4.62). The prevalence of frequent tinnitus is highest among older adults, non-Hispanic whites, former smokers, and adults with hypertension, hearing impairment, loud noise exposure, or generalized anxiety disorder. Prospective studies of risk factors for tinnitus are needed. Published by Elsevier Inc.
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              Depression and tinnitus.

              Most patients with tinnitus are neither depressed nor seriously bothered by their tinnitus. Patients who complain bitterly of tinnitus, however, are often found to have a MDD. Treatment with tricyclic antidepressant drugs helps these patients, especially those who complain of insomnia. Other types of drugs and psychotherapy may also be helpful.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rpc
                Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo)
                Arch. Clin. Psychiatry (São Paulo)
                Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0101-6083
                1806-938X
                2011
                : 38
                : 4
                : 139-142
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameUFRJ orgdiv1Instituto de Psiquiatria
                Article
                S0101-60832011000400005 S0101-6083(11)03800405
                10.1590/S0101-60832011000400005
                5e278c22-617b-4684-9d89-d8727395f0f0

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 22 October 2010
                : 04 August 2010
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 31, Pages: 4
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI: Texto completo somente em PDF (PT)

                tinnitus,psychiatric comorbidities,comorbidades psiquiátricas,Panic disorder,Transtorno de pânico,zumbidos

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