New records of anisakid nematodes from marine fishes off New Caledonia, with descriptions of five new species of  Raphidascaris  ( Ichthyascaris ) (Nematoda, Anisakidae)

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Abstract

Recent examinations of anisakid nematodes (Anisakidae) from marine fishes off New Caledonia, collected in the years 2003–2008, revealed the presence of the following five new species of Raphidascaris Railliet et Henry, 1915, all belonging to the subgenus Ichthyascaris Wu, 1949: Raphidascaris ( Ichthyascaris) spinicauda n. sp. from the redbelly yellowtail fusilier Caesio cuning (Caesionidae, Perciformes); Raphidascaris ( Ichthyascaris) fasciati n. sp. from the blacktip grouper Epinephelus fasciatus (Serranidae, Perciformes); Raphidascaris ( Ichthyascaris) nudicauda n. sp. from the brushtooth lizardfish Saurida undosquamis (Synodontidae, Aulopiformes); Raphidascaris ( Ichthyascaris) euani n. sp. from the Japanese large-eye bream Gymnocranius euanus (Lethrinidae, Perciformes); and Raphidascaris ( Ichthyascaris) elopsis n. sp. from the Hawaiian ladyfish Elops hawaiensis (Elopidae, Elopiformes). An additional two congeneric species, R. ( I.) etelidis Moravec et Justine, 2012 and R. ( I.) sillagoides (Bruce, 1990) were found in the deep-water red snapper Etelis carbunculus (new host record) and the deepwater longtail red snapper Etelis coruscans (both Lutjanidae, Perciformes), and the silver sillago Sillago sihama (Sillaginidae, Perciformes) (new host and geographical records), respectively. Two unidentified congeneric species, Raphidascaris ( Ichthyascaris) sp. 1 from the trumpet emperor Lethrinus miniatus (Lethrinidae, Perciformes) and Raphidascaris ( Ichthyascaris) sp. 2 from the white-spotted puffer Arothron hispidus (Tetraodontidae, Tetraodontiformes) were recorded. Moreover, two species of Hysterothylacium Ward et Magath, 1917, H. alatum Moravec et Justine, 2015 and H. epinepheli (Yamaguti, 1941), were found in the leopard coralgrouper Plectropomus leopardus (type host) and the highfin grouper Epinephelus maculatus (new host) (both Serranidae, Perciformes), respectively. This is the second finding of H. epinepheli since its original description in Japan 79 years ago. Most species are described based on light and electron microscopical studies.

Translated abstract

L’examen récent de nématodes Anisakidae de poissons marins de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, collectés dans les années 2003–2008, a révélé la présence des cinq nouvelles espèces de Raphidascaris Railliet et Henry, 1915, toutes appartenant au sous-genre Ichthyascaris Wu, 1949 : Raphidascaris (Ichthyascaris) spinicauda n. sp. chez le fusilier Caesio cuning (Caesionidae, Perciformes) ; Raphidascaris (Ichthyascaris) fasciati n. sp. chez la loche Epinephelus fasciatus (Serranidae, Perciformes) ; Raphidascaris (Ichthyascaris) nudicauda n. sp. chez le poisson-lézard Saurida undosquamis (Synodontidae, Aulopiformes) ; Raphidascaris (Ichthyascaris) euani n. sp. chez le bossu Gymnocranius euanus (Lethrinidae, Perciformes) ; et Raphidascaris (Ichthyascaris) elopsis n. sp. chez Elops hawaiensis (Elopidae, Elopiformes). Deux autres espèces congénériques, R. (I.) etelidis Moravec et Justine, 2012 et R. (I.) sillagoides (Bruce, 1990) ont été trouvées respectivement chez les vivaneaux de profondeur Etelis carbunculus (nouvel hôte) et Etelis coruscans (Lutjanidae, Perciformes) et chez Sillago sihama (Sillaginidae, Perciformes) (nouvel hôte et nouvelle mention géographique). Deux espèces congénériques non identifiées, Raphidascaris (Ichthyascaris) sp. 1 chez le bossu Lethrinus miniatus (Lethrinidae, Perciformes) et Raphidascaris (Ichthyascaris) sp. 2 chez Arothron hispidus (Tetraodontidae, Tetraodontiformes) sont signalées. De plus, deux espèces d’ Hysterothylacium Ward et Magath, 1917, H. alatum Moravec et Justine, 2015 et H. epinepheli (Yamaguti, 1941), ont été trouvées chez la saumonée Plectropomus leopardus (hôte-type) et chez la loche uitoé Epinephelus maculatus (nouvel hôte) (Serranidae, Perciformes), respectivement. Il s’agit de la deuxième mention d’ H. epinepheli depuis sa description originale au Japon il y a 79 ans. La plupart des espèces ont été décrites sur la base d’études au microscope optique et électronique.

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Molecular Phylogeny and Dating Reveal a Terrestrial Origin in the Early Carboniferous for Ascaridoid Nematodes.

Liang Li, Liang Lu, Steven Nadler … (2018)

Ascaridoids are among the commonest groups of zooparasitic nematodes (roundworms) and occur in the alimentary canal of all major vertebrate groups, including humans. They have an extremely high diversity and are of major socio-economic importance. However, their evolutionary history remains poorly known. Herein, we performed a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the Ascaridoidea. Our results divided the Ascaridoidea into six monophyletic major clades, i.e., the Heterocheilidae, Acanthocheilidae, Anisakidae, Ascarididae, Toxocaridae, and Raphidascarididae, among which the Heterocheilidae, rather than the Acanthocheilidae, represents the sister clade to the remaining ascaridoids. The phylogeny was calibrated using an approach that involves time priors from fossils of the co-evolving hosts, and dates the common ancestor of the Ascaridoidea back to the Early Carboniferous (approximately 360.47-325.27 Ma). The divergence dates and ancestral host types indicated by our study suggest that members of the Ascaridoidea first parasitized terrestrial tetrapods, and subsequently, extended their host range to elasmobranchs and teleosts. We also propose that the fundamental terrestrial-aquatic switches of these nematodes were affected by changes in sea-level during the Triassic to the Early Cretaceous.

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A quick and simple method, usable in the field, for collecting parasites in suitable condition for both morphological and molecular studies.

Jean-Lou Justine, Marine Briand, Rodney A. Bray (2012)

Many methods have been proposed for collecting and fixing parasites, but most were written before the molecular age, and were intended to be practised by experienced parasitologists in well-equipped laboratories. We describe here a very simple method, illustrated by photographs, for collecting helminths from the digestive tract of vertebrates. It only requires a few plastic vials, some ethanol and a means to heat water. Basically, the method consists of: (a) the extraction of all organs from the abdominal cavity; (b) opening the digestive system longitudinally; (c) agitate gut and contents in a saline solution (i.e. ca. 9% NaCl or 1/4 sea water in tap water); (d) decant in saline as many times as needed to clean contents; (e) immediately fix parasites in near-boiling saline; (f) discard saline and keep specimens in 95% ethanol. Additional information is given for collecting parasites from fish gills with a similar process. The method will collect most helminths (digeneans, larval cestodes, nematodes, acanthocephalans) from the digestive tract, and monogeneans and isopod and copepod crustaceans from fish gills. The specimens will be suitable for both morphological study and DNA sequencing. The method is simple, fast, inexpensive and can be used by untrained personnel, even in the field without electricity and without a binocular microscope. It can also be used by trained parasitologists who need to expedite treatment of abundant samples.

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An annotated list of parasites (Isopoda, Copepoda, Monogenea, Digenea, Cestoda and Nematoda) collected in groupers (Serranidae, Epinephelinae) in New Caledonia emphasizes parasite biodiversity in coral reef fish.

Geoff Boxshall, František Moravec, Jean-Paul Trilles … (2010)

Abstract: Over a 7-year period, parasites have been collected from 28 species of groupers (Serranidae, Epinephelinae) in the waters off New Caledonia. Host-parasite and parasite-host lists are provided, with a total of 337 host-parasite combinations, including 146 parasite identifications at the species level. Results are included for isopods (5 species), copepods (19), monogeneans (56), digeneans (28), cestodes (12), and nematodes (12). When results are restricted to those 14 fish species for which more than five specimens were examined and to parasites identified at the species level, 109 host-parasite combinations were recorded, with 63 different species, of which monogeneans account for half (32 species), and an average of 4.5 parasite species per fish species. Digenean records were compared for 16 fish species shared with the study of Cribb et al. (2002); based on a total of 90 parasite records identified at the species level, New Caledonia has 17 new records and only seven species were already known from other locations. We hypothesize that the present results represent only a small part of the actual biodiversity, and we predict a biodiversity of 10 different parasite species and 30 host-parasite combinations per serranid. A comparison with a study on Heron Island (Queensland, Australia) by Lester and Sewell (1989) was attempted: of the four species of fish in common and in a total of 91 host-parasite combinations, only six parasites identified at the species level were shared. This suggests strongly that insufficient sampling impairs proper biogeographical or ecological comparisons. Probably only 3% of the parasite species of coral reef fish are already known in New Caledonia.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Parasite

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Parasite

Journal ID (publisher-id): parasite

Title: Parasite

Publisher: EDP Sciences

ISSN (Print): 1252-607X

ISSN (Electronic): 1776-1042

Publication date (Electronic, collection): 2020

Publication date (Electronic, pub): 30 March 2020

Volume: 27

Issue: ( publisher-idID: parasite/2020/01 )

Electronic Location Identifier: 20

Affiliations

[1 ] Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Branišovská 31 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic

[2 ] Institut Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles Rue Cuvier, CP 51 75005 Paris France

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[* ]Corresponding author: moravec@ 123456paru.cas.cz

Article

Publisher ID: parasite200028 Other ID: 10.1051/parasite/2020016

DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020016

PMC ID: 7104620

SO-VID: 5e5d20bf-754d-4647-bf91-af947ce9f655

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This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

History

Date received : 20 February 2020

Date accepted : 15 March 2020

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Figures: 17, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 33, Pages: 25

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Parasite

Most cited references 30

Molecular Phylogeny and Dating Reveal a Terrestrial Origin in the Early Carboniferous for Ascaridoid Nematodes.

A quick and simple method, usable in the field, for collecting parasites in suitable condition for both morphological and molecular studies.

An annotated list of parasites (Isopoda, Copepoda, Monogenea, Digenea, Cestoda and Nematoda) collected in groupers (Serranidae, Epinephelinae) in New Caledonia emphasizes parasite biodiversity in coral reef fish.

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