Medium-chain fatty acids and monoglycerides as feed additives for pig production: towards gut health improvement and feed pathogen mitigation

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Abstract

Ongoing challenges in the swine industry, such as reduced access to antibiotics and virus outbreaks (e.g., porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, African swine fever virus), have prompted calls for innovative feed additives to support pig production. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) and monoglycerides have emerged as a potential option due to key molecular features and versatile functions, including inhibitory activity against viral and bacterial pathogens. In this review, we summarize recent studies examining the potential of MCFAs and monoglycerides as feed additives to improve pig gut health and to mitigate feed pathogens. The molecular properties and biological functions of MCFAs and monoglycerides are first introduced along with an overview of intervention needs at different stages of pig production. The latest progress in testing MCFAs and monoglycerides as feed additives in pig diets is then presented, and their effects on a wide range of production issues, such as growth performance, pathogenic infections, and gut health, are covered. The utilization of MCFAs and monoglycerides together with other feed additives such as organic acids and probiotics is also described, along with advances in molecular encapsulation and delivery strategies. Finally, we discuss how MCFAs and monoglycerides demonstrate potential for feed pathogen mitigation to curb disease transmission. Looking forward, we envision that MCFAs and monoglycerides may become an important class of feed additives in pig production for gut health improvement and feed pathogen mitigation.

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Most cited references 86

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Antibacterial free fatty acids: activities, mechanisms of action and biotechnological potential.

Andrew P Desbois, Valerie J Smith (2010)

Amongst the diverse and potent biological activities of free fatty acids (FFAs) is the ability to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. The antibacterial properties of FFAs are used by many organisms to defend against parasitic or pathogenic bacteria. Whilst their antibacterial mode of action is still poorly understood, the prime target of FFA action is the cell membrane, where FFAs disrupt the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Besides interfering with cellular energy production, FFA action may also result from the inhibition of enzyme activity, impairment of nutrient uptake, generation of peroxidation and auto-oxidation degradation products or direct lysis of bacterial cells. Their broad spectrum of activity, non-specific mode of action and safety makes them attractive as antibacterial agents for various applications in medicine, agriculture and food preservation, especially where the use of conventional antibiotics is undesirable or prohibited. Moreover, the evolution of inducible FFA-resistant phenotypes is less problematic than with conventional antibiotics. The potential for commercial or biomedical exploitation of antibacterial FFAs, especially for those from natural sources, is discussed.

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Antibiotic growth promoters in agriculture: history and mode of action

J. J. Dibner, J. D. Richards (2005)

This report will review the history of antibiotic growth promoter (AGP) use in the animal industry, concerns about development of antimicrobial resistance, and response in the European Union and United States to these concerns. A brief description of the history of legislation regarding feed use of antimicrobials in Denmark and the experience of animal producers following the 1998 ban will serve to illustrate the consequences on animal performance and health of withdrawing the approval for this use. The biological basis for antibiotic effects on animal growth efficiency will consider effects on intestinal microbiota and effects on the host animal and will use the germ-free animal to illustrate effects of the conventional microflora. The probability that no single compound will replace all of the functions of antimicrobial growth promoters will be considered, and methods to consolidate and analyze the enlarging database will be discussed.

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Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus: An emerging and re-emerging epizootic swine virus

Changhee Lee (2015)

The enteric disease of swine recognized in the early 1970s in Europe was initially described as “epidemic viral diarrhea” and is now termed “porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED)”. The coronavirus referred to as PED virus (PEDV) was determined to be the etiologic agent of this disease in the late 1970s. Since then the disease has been reported in Europe and Asia, but the most severe outbreaks have occurred predominantly in Asian swine-producing countries. Most recently, PED first emerged in early 2013 in the United States that caused high morbidity and mortality associated with PED, remarkably affecting US pig production, and spread further to Canada and Mexico. Soon thereafter, large-scale PED epidemics recurred through the pork industry in South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan. These recent outbreaks and global re-emergence of PED require urgent attention and deeper understanding of PEDV biology and pathogenic mechanisms. This paper highlights the current knowledge of molecular epidemiology, diagnosis, and pathogenesis of PEDV, as well as prevention and control measures against PEDV infection. More information about the virus and the disease is still necessary for the development of effective vaccines and control strategies. It is hoped that this review will stimulate further basic and applied studies and encourage collaboration among producers, researchers, and swine veterinarians to provide answers that improve our understanding of PEDV and PED in an effort to eliminate this economically significant viral disease, which emerged or re-emerged worldwide.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Joshua A. Jackman: jjackman@skku.edu

Charles C. Elrod: cce1@cornell.edu

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Anim Sci Biotechnol

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Anim Sci Biotechnol

Title: Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Print): 1674-9782

ISSN (Electronic): 2049-1891

Publication date (Electronic): 23 April 2020

Publication date PMC-release: 23 April 2020

Publication date Collection: 2020

Volume: 11

Electronic Location Identifier: 44

Affiliations

[1 ]GRID grid.264381.a, ISNI 0000 0001 2181 989X, School of Chemical Engineering, , Sungkyunkwan University, ; Suwon, 16419 Republic of Korea

[2 ]Hanor Company, Franklin, KY 42134 USA

[3 ]GRID grid.40803.3f, ISNI 0000 0001 2173 6074, North Carolina State University, ; Raleigh, NC 27695 USA

[4 ]Natural Biologics Inc., Newfield, NY 14867 USA

[5 ]GRID grid.5386.8, ISNI 000000041936877X, Department of Animal Science, , Cornell University, ; Ithaca, NY 14853 USA

Article

Publisher ID: 446

DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00446-1

PMC ID: 7178611

PubMed ID: 32337029

SO-VID: 5e995aaa-ecd0-4de8-9e61-2956e66bd3e3

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Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

History

Date received : 4 December 2019

Date accepted : 9 March 2020

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Animal science & Zoology

Keywords: antibiotics,feed pathogen mitigation,growth promotion,gut health,immune enhancement,mcfa,medium-chain fatty acids,monoglycerides

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Animal science & Zoology

Keywords: antibiotics, feed pathogen mitigation, growth promotion, gut health, immune enhancement, mcfa, medium-chain fatty acids, monoglycerides

Medium-chain fatty acids and monoglycerides as feed additives for pig production: towards gut health improvement and feed pathogen mitigation

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Most cited references 86

Antibacterial free fatty acids: activities, mechanisms of action and biotechnological potential.

Antibiotic growth promoters in agriculture: history and mode of action

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus: An emerging and re-emerging epizootic swine virus

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