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      La naturaleza biopsicosocial del dolor crónico de suelo pélvico: una revisión narrativa Translated title: The biopsychosocial nature of chronic pelvic floor pain: a narrative review

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN En 2020, la International Association for de Study of Pain reconceptualiza el dolor crónico (DC) como experiencia sensorial y emocional desagradable asociada, o similar, a un daño tisular real o potencial añadiendo mayor complejidad y ciertos matices a las definiciones previas, con la finalidad de que esta modificación conduzca a una mejor evaluación, diagnóstico y tratamiento de las personas que sufren DC. De esta nueva definición debemos resaltar que el dolor no es provocado únicamente por una experiencia nociceptiva (sensorial), sino que también abarca la esfera emocional. En este sentido, el dolor crónico de suelo pélvico (DCSP) representa un desafío para los profesionales sanitarios en cuanto al diagnóstico y manejo terapéutico. Las patologías de suelo pélvico, de compleja etiopatogenia, se han asociado con frecuencia con fenómenos psicopatológicos en la aparición, mantenimiento y exacerbación de los síntomas, además de las repercusiones personales, sociales y familiares que pueden determinar un importante deterioro en la calidad de vida de la persona que lo sufre. Se ha realizado una revisión no sistemática de carácter narrativo en Pubmed, Scholar Google y búsqueda manual desde 2012 hasta 2022. Se analiza la experiencia de dolor de suelo pélvico desde la dimensión psicológica (experiencias adversas en la infancia, abuso y violencia; estrés y ansiedad, catastrofismo y depresión; kinesofobia, autoestima y personalidad; funcionamiento sexual) y la dimensión sociocultural (estigma, sesgos de género, apoyo social, limitaciones laborales y económicas). Se incorporan también aquellas variables emocionales positivas que han sido consideradas como moduladoras de la percepción dolorosa, como la resiliencia, la autoeficacia percibida y la empatía.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT In 2020 the International Association for the Study of Pain reconceptualized chronic pain as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated or similar to actual or potential tissue damage, adding greater complexity and certain nuances to the previous definitions, with the aim that this modification will lead to a better assessment and diagnosis and treatment of people suffering from CD. From this new definition, we must emphasize that pain is not only caused by a nociceptive (sensory) experience, but also encompasses the emotional sphere. In this sense, Chronic Pelvic Floor Pain (hereafter referred to as CPP) represents a challenge for healthcare professionals in terms of diagnosis and therapeutic management. Pelvic floor pathologies, of complex etiopathogenesis, have been frequently associated with psychopathological phenomena in the onset, maintenance and exacerbation of symptoms in addition to the personal, social and family repercussions that can determine a significant deterioration in the quality of life of the sufferer. A non-systematic narrative review has been performed in Pubmed, Scholar Google and manual search from 2012 to 2022. The experience of pelvic floor pain is analyzed from the psychological dimension (adverse childhood experiences, abuse and violence; stress and anxiety, catastrophizing and depression; kinesophobia, self-esteem and personality; sexual functioning) and the sociocultural dimension (stigma, gender bias, social support, labor and economic limitations). Positive emotional variables that have been considered as modulators of pain perception, such as resilience, perceived self-efficacy and empathy, are also incorporated.

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          Multidisciplinary treatment for chronic pain: a systematic review of interventions and outcomes.

          To provide an overview of the effectiveness of multidisciplinary treatments of chronic pain and investigate about their differential effects on outcome in various pain conditions and of different multidisciplinary treatments, settings or durations. In this article, the authors performed a systematic review of all currently available randomized controlled trials (RCTs) fulfilling the inclusion criteria, by using a recently developed rating system aimed to assess the strength of evidence with regard to the methodological quality of the trials. Compared with other non-disciplinary treatments, moderate evidence of higher effectiveness for multidisciplinary interventions was shown. In contrast to no treatment or standard medical treatment, strong evidence was detected in favour of multidisciplinary treatments. The evidence that comprehensive inpatient programmes were more beneficial that outpatient programmes was moderate. Fibromyalgia and chronic back pain patients tended to profit more substantially than patients with diverse origins or chronic pain diagnoses. No evidence was found that treatment variables, such as duration or programme components, were influential for the success of the intervention. A standard of multidisciplinary programmes should be internationally established to guarantee generally good outcomes in the treatment of chronic pain. Our results highlight the lack of quality of design, execution or reporting of many of the RCTs included in this article. Future studies should more specifically focus on differential effects of treatment components and patient variables, allowing the identification of subgroups, which most probably would profit from multidisciplinary pain programmes.
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            WHO systematic review of prevalence of chronic pelvic pain: a neglected reproductive health morbidity

            Background Health care planning for chronic pelvic pain (CPP), an important cause of morbidity amongst women is hampered due to lack of clear collated summaries of its basic epidemiological data. We systematically reviewed worldwide literature on the prevalence of different types of CPP to assess the geographical distribution of data, and to explore sources of variation in its estimates. Methods We identified data available from Medline (1966 to 2004), Embase (1980 to 2004), PsycINFO (1887 to 2003), LILACS (1982 to 2004), Science Citation index, CINAHL (January 1980 to 2004) and hand searching of reference lists. Two reviewers extracted data independently, using a piloted form, on participants' characteristics, study quality and rates of CPP. We considered a study to be of high quality (valid) if had at least three of the following features: prospective design, validated measurement tool, adequate sampling method, sample size estimation and response rate >80%. We performed both univariate and multivariate meta-regression analysis to explore heterogeneity of results across studies. Results There were 178 studies (459975 participants) in 148 articles. Of these, 106 studies were (124259 participants) on dysmenorrhoea, 54 (35973 participants) on dyspareunia and 18 (301756 participants) on noncyclical pain. There were only 19/95 (20%) less developed and 1/45 (2.2%) least developed countries with relevant data in contrast to 22/43 (51.2%) developed countries. Meta-regression analysis showed that rates of pain varied according to study quality features. There were 40 (22.5%) high quality studies with representative samples. Amongst them, the rate of dysmenorrhoea was 16.8 to 81%, that of dyspareunia was 8 to 21.8%, and that for noncyclical pain was 2.1 to 24%. Conclusion There were few valid population based estimates of disease burden due to CPP from less developed countries. The variation in rates of CPP worldwide was due to variable study quality. Where valid data were available, a high disease burden of all types of pelvic pain was found.
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              Assessment of Psychosocial and Functional Impact of Chronic Pain.

              The psychosocial and functional consequences of chronic pain disorders have been well documented as having significant effects on the experience of pain, presentation to health care providers, responsiveness to and participation in treatment, disability, and health-related quality of life. Thus, psychosocial and functional consequences have been incorporated as 1 of the 5 dimensions within the integrated Analgesic, Anesthetic, and Addiction Clinical Trial Translations, Innovations, Opportunities, and Networks (ACTTION)-American Pain Society (APS) Pain Taxonomy (AAPT): 1) core diagnostic criteria; 2) common features; 3) common medical comorbidities; 4) neurobiological, psychosocial, and functional consequences; and 5) putative neurobiological and psychosocial mechanisms, risk factors, and protective factors. In this article we review the rationale for a biopsychosocial perspective, on the basis of current evidence, and describe a set of key psychosocial and behavioral factors (eg, mood/affect, coping resources, expectations, sleep quality, physical function, and pain-related interference with daily activities) that are important consequences of persistent pain and that should be considered when classifying patients within the comprehensive AAPT chronic pain structure. We include an overview of measures and procedures that have been developed to assess this set of factors and that can be used as part of the comprehensive assessment and classification of pain and to address specific research questions.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                dolor
                Revista de la Sociedad Española del Dolor
                Rev. Soc. Esp. Dolor
                Inspira Network Group, S.L (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1134-8046
                April 2022
                : 29
                : 2
                : 97-113
                Affiliations
                [1] Valencia orgnameHospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe orgdiv1Unidad para el Estudio y Tratamiento del Dolor Crónico España
                Article
                S1134-80462022000300006 S1134-8046(22)02900200006
                10.20986/resed.2022.3981/2022
                5e9cda11-80ee-4351-9a4a-a2b3d233c943

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 17 October 2022
                : 20 March 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 64, Pages: 17
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Revisiones

                posttraumatic stress,Biopsychosocial model,pelvic pain,sexual abuse,gender differences,resilience,Modelo biopsicosocial,dolor pélvico,estrés postraumático,abuso sexual,diferencias de género,resiliencia

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