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      Acrophialophora jodhpurensis: an endophytic plant growth promoting fungus with biocontrol effect against Alternaria alternata

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          Abstract

          In this study, efficiency of the endophytic fungal isolate Msh5 was evaluated on promoting tomato plant growth and controlling Alternaria alternata, the causal agent of early blight in tomatoes. Morphological and molecular (ITS and tub2 sequences) analyses revealed that the fungal isolate, Msh5, was Acrophialophora jodhpurensis ( Chaetomium jodhpurense Lodha). This beneficial fungus was capable of producing indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), urease, siderophore, extracellular enzymes, and solubilized phosphate. Under laboratory conditions, the Msh5 isolate of A. jodhpurensis inhibited A. alternata growth in dual culture, volatile and non-volatile metabolites assays. The supernatant of this endophytic fungus was capable of reducing spore germination and altering the hyphal structure of A. alternata and the spores produced germ tubes showed vacuolization and abnormal structure compared to the control. Also, the effect of A. jodhpurensis on plant growth parameters (such as shoot and root weight and length) and suppressing A. alternata was investigated in vivo via seed inoculation with spores of A. jodhpurensis using 1% sugar, 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) or 0.5% molasses solution as stickers. Colonization of tomato roots by the endophytic fungus resulted in significant increasing plant growth parameters and reduction in the progress of the diseases caused by A. alternata compared to the controls. Among the different coating materials used as stickers, sugar was found to be the most effective for enhancing plant growth parameters and decreasing the disease progress. Therefore, A. jodhpurensis isolate Msh5 can be suggested as a potential biofertilizer and biocontrol agent for protecting tomato plants against A. alternata.

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          AMPLIFICATION AND DIRECT SEQUENCING OF FUNGAL RIBOSOMAL RNA GENES FOR PHYLOGENETICS

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            Two divergent intragenomic rDNA ITS2 types within a monophyletic lineage of the fungus Fusarium are nonorthologous.

            The evolutionary history of the phytopathogenic Gibberella fujikuroi complex of Fusarium and related species was investigated by cladistic analysis of DNA sequences obtained from multiple unlinked loci. Gene phylogenies inferred from the mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU) rDNA, nuclear 28S rDNA, and beta-tubulin gene were generally concordant, providing strong support for a fully resolved phylogeny of all biological and most morphological species. Discordance of the nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) gene tree is due to paralogous or xenologous ITS2 sequences. PCR and sequence analysis demonstrated that every strain of the ingroup species tested possesses two highly divergent nonorthologous ITS2 types designated type I and type II. Only the major ITS2 type, however, is discernable when PCR products are amplified and sequenced directly with conserved primers. The minor ITS2 type was recovered using ITS2 type-specific PCR primers. Distribution of the major ITS2 type within the species lineages exhibits a homoplastic pattern of evolution, thus obscuring true phylogenetic relationships. The results suggest that the ancestral ITS2 types may have arisen following an ancient interspecific hybridization or gene duplication which occurred prior to the evolutionary radiation of the Gibberella fujikuroi complex and related species of Fusarium. The results also indicate that current morphological-based taxonomic schemes for these fungi are unnatural and a new classification is required.
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              COLORIMETRIC ESTIMATION OF INDOLEACETIC ACID

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Plant Sci
                Front Plant Sci
                Front. Plant Sci.
                Frontiers in Plant Science
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-462X
                23 September 2022
                2022
                : 13
                : 984583
                Affiliations
                Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad, Iran
                Author notes

                Edited by: Giulia Malacarne, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Italy

                Reviewed by: Manish Kumar Dubey, Galgotias University, India; Elsherbiny A. Elsherbiny, Mansoura University, Egypt

                *Correspondence: Parissa Taheri, p-taheri@ 123456um.ac.ir

                This article was submitted to Plant Pathogen Interactions, a section of the journal Frontiers in Plant Science

                Article
                10.3389/fpls.2022.984583
                9540611
                5ead5be8-9f5e-40db-a1ad-e99790fcdd0c
                Copyright © 2022 Daroodi, Taheri and Tarighi.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 02 July 2022
                : 31 August 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 8, Tables: 1, Equations: 2, References: 92, Pages: 18, Words: 11204
                Categories
                Plant Science
                Original Research

                Plant science & Botany
                beneficial endophytic fungus,early blight disease,plant growth parameters,solanum lycopersicum,seed coating

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