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      Oral lesions in infection with human immunodeficiency virus Translated title: Lésions buccales liées aux infections par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine Translated title: Lesiones bucodentales en la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana

      research-article
      1 , 2 , 3
      Bulletin of the World Health Organization
      World Health Organization
      Infection à VIH, SIDA, Manifestation buccale, Thérapie antirétrovirale hautement active, Soins dentaires, Enfant, Candidose buccale, Candidose buccale, Leucoplasie chevelue, Leucoplasie chevelue, Sarcome de Kaposi, Sarcome de Kaposi, Gingivite ulcéro-nécrotique, Gingivite ulcéro-nécrotique, Gingivite, Gingivite, Parodontite, Parodontite, Lymphome non hodgkinien, Lymphome non hodgkinien, HIV infections, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Oral manifestations, Antiretroviral therapy, Highly active, Dental care, Child, Candidiasis, Candidiasis, Oral, Leukoplakia, Hairy, Hairy, Sarcoma, Kaposi, Kaposi, Gingivitis, Necrotizing ulcerative, Necrotizing ulcerative, Gingivitis, Gingivitis, Non-Hodgkin, Non-Hodgkin, Infecciones por VIH, Síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida, Manifestaciones bucales, Terapia antirretroviral altamente activa, Terapia antirretroviral altamente activa, Atención odontológica, Niño, Candidiasis bucal, Candidiasis bucal, Leucoplaquia vellosa, Leucoplaquia vellosa, Sarcoma de Kaposi, Sarcoma de Kaposi, Gingivitis ulcerosa necrotizante, Gingivitis ulcerosa necrotizante, Gingivitis, Gingivitis, Periodontitis, Periodontitis, Linfoma no Hodgkin, Linfoma no Hodgkin

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          Abstract

          This paper discusses the importance of oral lesions as indicators of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and as predictors of progression of HIV disease to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Oral manifestations are among the earliest and most important indicators of infection with HIV. Seven cardinal lesions, oral candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia, Kaposi sarcoma, linear gingival erythema, necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, which are strongly associated with HIV infection, have been identified and internationally calibrated, and are seen in both developed and developing countries. They may provide a strong indication of HIV infection and be present in the majority of HIV-infected people. Antiretroviral therapy may affect the prevalence of HIV-related lesions. The presence of oral lesions can have a significant impact on health-related quality of life. Oral health is strongly associated with physical and mental health and there are significant increases in oral health needs in people with HIV infection, especially in children, and in adults particularly in relation to periodontal diseases. International collaboration is needed to ensure that oral aspects of HIV disease are taken into account in medical programmes and to integrate oral health care with the general care of the patient. It is important that all health care workers receive education and training on the relevance of oral health needs and the use of oral lesions as surrogate markers in HIV infection.

          Translated abstract

          L'article analyse l'importance des lésions buccales en tant qu'indicateurs d'infection par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH) et comme facteurs prédictifs de la progression de la maladie à VIH vers le syndrome d'immunodéficience acquise (SIDA). Les manifestations buccales font partie des indicateurs les plus précoces et les plus importants d'infection à VIH. On a identifié et calibré au niveau international sept lésions cardinales (candidose orale, leucoplasie orale chevelue, sarcome de Kaposi, érythème gingival linéaire, gingivite ulcéro-nécrosante, pérodontite ulcéro-nécrosante et lymphome non hodgkinien), présentant une forte association avec les infections à VIH. Ces lésions se rencontrent dans les pays développés, comme dans les pays en développement. Elles peuvent constituer une indication forte d'infection à VIH et s'observent chez la majorité des personnes infectées par ce virus. Le traitement antirétroviral peut influer sur la prévalence des lésions liées au VIH. La présence de lésions buccales peut avoir un impact important sur la qualité de vie liée à l'état de santé. La santé bucco-dentaire est fortement associée à la santé physique et mentale et on relève une augmentation importante des besoins en matière de soins bucco-dentaires chez les personnes contaminées par le VIH, en particulier les enfants, et dans le cas des adultes lorsqu'il s'agit notamment de parodontolyses. Une collaboration internationale s'impose pour garantir la prise en compte des aspects buccaux de la maladie à VIH dans les programmes médicaux et l'intégration des soins bucco-dentaires dans la série de soins généraux administrés au patient. Il est important que tout le personnel de santé reçoive une éducation et une formation concernant l'opportunité des soins bucco-dentaires et l'utilisation des lésions buccales comme marqueurs de remplacement pour détecter les infections à VIH.

          Translated abstract

          En este artículo se analiza la importancia de las lesiones bucodentales como indicadores de la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) y como factores predictivos de la progresión de la infección por VIH al síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (SIDA). Las manifestaciones bucodentales son uno de los indicadores más tempranos e importantes de la infección por el VIH. Se han identificado y evaluado internacionalmente siete lesiones fundamentales -candidiasis oral, leucoplasia vellosa, sarcoma de Kaposi, eritema gingival lineal, gingivitis ulcerativa necrotizante, periodontitis ulcerativa necrotizante y linfoma no hodgkiniano- que aparecen estrechamente asociadas a la infección por VIH y se dan tanto en los países desarrollados como en los países en desarrollo. Esas lesiones son un importante indicio de infección por VIH, y afectan a la mayoría de los afectados por el virus. La terapia antirretroviral puede alterar la prevalencia de las lesiones relacionadas con el VIH. Las lesiones bucodentales pueden tener un impacto importante en la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud. La salud bucodental está claramente asociada a la salud física y mental, y las personas infectadas por el VIH tienen más necesidades de salud bucodental, especialmente los niños, y los adultos en lo que respecta a las periodontopatías. Se requiere colaboración internacional para garantizar que las manifestaciones orales de la infección por VIH se tengan en cuenta en los programas médicos, así como para integrar la atención de salud bucodental en la atención general del paciente. Es preciso formar a todos los agentes de salud para que comprendan la importancia de las necesidades de salud bucodental y sepan usar las lesiones orales como marcadores indirectos de la infección por VIH.

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          Antifungal effects of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil and its components on Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

          The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of action of tea tree oil and its components against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast cells were treated with tea tree oil or components, at one or more concentrations, for up to 6 h. During this time, alterations in permeability were assessed by measuring the leakage of 260 nm absorbing materials and by the uptake of Methylene Blue dye. Membrane fluidity was measured by 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene fluorescence. The effects of tea tree oil on glucose-induced medium acidification were quantified by measuring the pH of cell suspensions in the presence of both tea tree oil and glucose. The treatment of C. albicans with tea tree oil and components at concentrations of between 0.25 and 1.0% (v/v) altered both permeability and membrane fluidity. Membrane fluidity was also increased when C. albicans was cultured for 24 h with 0.016%-0.06% (v/v) tea tree oil, as compared with control cells. For all three organisms, glucose-induced acidification of the external medium was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner in the presence of 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4% tea tree oil. Data from this study support the hypothesis that tea tree oil and components exert their antifungal actions by altering membrane properties and compromising membrane-associated functions.
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            Changing prevalence of oral manifestations of human immuno-deficiency virus in the era of protease inhibitor therapy.

            The purpose of this study was to determine temporal trends in the prevalence of oral manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Five hundred seventy HIV-infected adults recruited consecutively were examined by using established presumptive clinical criteria for HIV-associated oral lesions. Prevalence of oral lesions before the widespread use of HIV protease inhibitors (February 1995 through August 1996, 8% of the early sample, n = 271) was compared with lesion prevalence in a more recent period of greater protease inhibitor use (December 1996 through February 1999, 42% of the late sample, n = 299). Overall prevalence of oral lesions significantly decreased from early to late periods, 47.6% to 37.5%, respectively (P =.01), with some variation by lesion type. Prevalence of hairy leukoplakia (25. 8% to 11.4%; P .20 for all comparisons). The pattern of oral opportunistic infections is changing in the era of protease inhibitor use.
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              Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on frequency of oral warts.

              To investigate changes in the pattern of oral disease associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), we assessed the frequency of these lesions in our clinic over 9 years. We retrospectively studied 1280 patients seen between July, 1990, and June, 1999, and related oral findings to medication use, immune function, and viral load. We found significant decreases in oral candidosis, hairy leucoplakia, and Kaposi's sarcoma over time, but no change in the occurrence of aphthous ulcers. There was an increase in salivary-gland disease and a striking increase in warts: three-fold for patients on antiretroviral therapy and six-fold for those on HAART (p=0.01). This pattern of oral disease in a referral clinic suggests that an increase in oral warts could be occurring as a complication of HAART.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra )
                0042-9686
                September 2005
                : 83
                : 9
                : 700-706
                Affiliations
                [1 ] University of Witwatersrand South Africa
                [2 ] University of California USA
                [3 ] Guys, Kings and St Thomas' Dental Institute
                Article
                S0042-96862005000900016
                5ee00a63-189b-49ee-b954-e18a41427a11

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0042-9686&lng=en
                Categories
                Health Policy & Services

                Public health
                Infection à VIH,SIDA,Manifestation buccale,Thérapie antirétrovirale hautement active,Soins dentaires,Enfant,Candidose buccale,Leucoplasie chevelue,Sarcome de Kaposi,Gingivite ulcéro-nécrotique,Gingivite,Parodontite,Lymphome non hodgkinien,HIV infections,Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,Oral manifestations,Antiretroviral therapy,Highly active,Dental care,Child,Candidiasis,Oral,Leukoplakia,Hairy,Sarcoma,Kaposi,Gingivitis,Necrotizing ulcerative,Non-Hodgkin,Infecciones por VIH,Síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida,Manifestaciones bucales,Terapia antirretroviral altamente activa,Atención odontológica,Niño,Candidiasis bucal,Leucoplaquia vellosa,Sarcoma de Kaposi,Gingivitis ulcerosa necrotizante,Periodontitis,Linfoma no Hodgkin

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