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      El colgajo de músculo temporal en la cirugía de la atm: ¿sigue siendo una opción válida? Translated title: The temporalis muscle flap in tmj surgery: is it still a valid option?

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN El músculo temporal ha sido utilizado en reconstrucción craneofacial durante más de 130 años. En la cirugía de ATM se ha utilizado en dos entidades fundamentalmente: la anquilosis de la ATM y como reemplazo del disco articular postdiscectomía. El objetivo de esta revisión es valorar si el colgajo de músculo temporal sigue teniendo indicación en la cirugía de ATM o si hay alternativas más apropiadas para estas entidades. Para ello, se realiza una revisión narrativa sobre el uso del colgajo del músculo temporal en la cirugía de la ATM en base a los artículos que hicieran referencia a su utilización de forma individual o comparando con otras técnicas. Realizamos una descripción de la técnica quirúrgica y sus principales cambios a través de los años. En la cirugía de la anquilosis, el tratamiento busca eliminar la parte anquilótica, restablecer la función articular y sobre todo prevenir la reanquilosis. La utilización del músculo temporal, como material de interposición, ha demostrado disminuir la incidencia de reanquilosis, pero sus complicaciones han llevado a buscar alternativas. En cirugía de los trastornos internos de la ATM, su uso como reemplazo del disco comenzó en los años 90, pero ante la controversia actual de si es necesario o no reemplazar el disco al realizar discectomía, las posibles ventajas teóricas de este colgajo no compensan sus complicaciones. En conclusión, esta técnica, en la cirugía de la ATM, tiene alternativas con mejores resultados, lo que hace que ya no sea de primera elección.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT The temporalis muscle has been used in craniofacial reconstruction for more than 130 years. In TMJ surgery, it has been used fundamentally in two entities: TMJ ankylosis and as a post-discectomy joint disc replacement. The objective of this review is to assess whether the temporalis muscle flap continues to have an indication in TMJ surgery, or whether there are more appropriate alternatives for these entities. To do this, a narrative review is carried out on the use of the temporalis muscle flap in TMJ surgery based on the articles that refer to its use individually or in comparison with other techniques. We make a description of the surgical technique and its main changes over the years. In ankylosis surgery, the treatment seeks to eliminate the ankylotic part, restore joint function and, above all, prevent re-ankylosis. The use of the temporalis muscle, as an interposition material, has been shown to reduce the incidence of re-ankylosis, but its complications have led to the search for alternatives. In surgery for internal derangement, its use as a disc replacement began in the 1990s but given the current controversy as to whether it is necessary to replace the disc when performing a discectomy, the possible theoretical advantages of this flap don´t compensate its complications. In conclusion, this technique, in TMJ surgery, has alternatives with better results, which means that it is no longer the first choice.

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          Most cited references25

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          A modified pre-auricular approach to the temporomandibular joint and malar arch.

          In an attempt to improve visibility and safety in the surgical approach to the malar arch and jaw joint, anatomical dissections of 56 facial halves were undertaken. Observations are made on the relationship of the facial nerve bifurcation and its temporal branch to bony landmarks. Attention is drawn to the dangerous area of fusion of the superficial fascia, the superficial layer of temporal fascia and the periosteum of the malar arch. The safety of approaching the malar arch through the pocket formed by the splitting of the lower part of the temporal fascia is emphasised. Minor modifications to the established pre-auricular approach were made and applied successfully to six sides in five patients.
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            Treatment of temporomandibular joint ankylosis with temporalis muscle and fascia flap.

            This study sought to determine the efficacy of interpositional arthroplasty with temporalis muscle and fascia flap in the treatment of unilateral temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis in adults. This retrospective study of seven cases evaluated the postoperative results of interpositional arthroplasty on temporalis muscle and fascia flap in adults. The operative protocol for unilateral TMJ ankylosis entailed, (1) resection of ankylotic mass, (2) intraoral ipsilateral coronoidectomy, (3) contralateral coronoidectomy when necessary, (4) interpositional tissue transfer to the TMJ with temporalis muscle and fascia flap, (5) maxillomandibular fixation (MMF), and (6) early mobilization and aggressive physiotherapy. The results of this protocol were encouraging, while the functional results of interpositional arthroplasty on temporalis muscle and fascia flap were satisfactory. The findings of this study support the use of temporalis muscle and fascia flap in adult patients with unilateral TMJ ankylosis. Early postoperative initial exercise, physiotherapy, and strict follow-up play an important role in preventing postoperative adhesions.
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              A systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical outcomes for various surgical modalities in the management of temporomandibular joint ankylosis

              A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to assess the clinical outcomes of the following four methods for the management of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis: gap arthroplasty (GA), interpositional gap arthroplasty (IPG) using the temporalis muscle, reconstruction of the TMJ using a costochondral graft (CCG), and alloplastic joint reconstruction (AJR) of the TMJ. A comprehensive electronic and manual search of the literature without date or language restriction was performed in December 2013 to identify randomized controlled trials, controlled clinical trials (CCTs), and retrospective studies with the aim of comparing the four surgical modalities for TMJ ankylosis. Sixteen publications were included: seven were CCTs and nine were retrospective. A significant difference was found between GA and IPG in maximal inter-incisal opening (MIO) and recurrence rate (P = 0.04 and P = 0.02, respectively). A significant difference was found between IPG and CCG reconstruction in MIO (P = 0.01), but no significant difference with regard to the recurrence rate (P = 0.71). There was a significant difference between costochondral joint (CCJ) and AJR for MIO and pain (P = 0.04 and P = 0.03, respectively). The results of the meta-analysis showed that IPG results in a significant improvement in MIO and lower recurrence rate when compared to GA. Also, IPG shows a greater improvement in MIO and comparable recurrence rate when compared to CCG reconstruction. GA and CCG reconstruction have a comparable recurrence rate. Lastly, CCJ provides greater MIO when compared to AJR, whereas AJR is superior to CCJ in reducing pain.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                maxi
                Revista Española de Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial
                Rev Esp Cirug Oral y Maxilofac
                Sociedad Española de Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial y de Cabeza y Cuello (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1130-0558
                2173-9161
                June 2022
                : 44
                : 2
                : 63-69
                Affiliations
                [2] Valencia orgnameHospital Intermutual de Levante orgdiv1Sección Trauma Facial España
                [1] Denia, Alicante orgnameHospital Marina Salud España
                Article
                S1130-05582022000200063 S1130-0558(22)04400200063
                10.20986/recom.2022.1354/2022
                5ee573eb-e041-4289-ade0-d3b299b5a70f

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 21 March 2022
                : 23 June 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 25, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Revisiones

                Temporalis muscle flap,discectomía,anquilosis temporomandibular,articulación temporomandibular,Colgajo músculo temporal,discectomy,TMJ ankylosis,temporomandibular joint

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