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      Manifestaciones orales y dentales del maltrato infantil Translated title: Oral and dental manifestations of child abuse

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          Abstract

          Introducción: el objetivo de este estudio es revisar las manifestaciones orales y dentales del maltrato infantil. Material y métodos: estudio de revisión sistemática siguiendo directrices PRISMA. Se realizaron dos estrategias de búsqueda con términos MeSH en la base de datos Medline/PubMed desde el 1/1/2000 hasta el 31/12/2019. Resultados: 26 artículos fueron incluidos. El 65,4% se publicaron en revistas de Odontología y el 16% en las de Pediatría. Todas las lesiones orales y dentales por abuso físico son sospechosas, pero ninguna patognomónica. Deben distinguirse de las accidentales, comunes en la edad pediátrica. Para ello, es necesario observar la existencia de indicadores físicos de especial sospecha. Todas las enfermedades orales y dentales por negligencia son sugerentes, pero ninguna patognomónica. Por ello, es necesario observar si existen factores considerados como necesarios para establecer el diagnóstico de negligencia dental, problemas de salud derivados de una negligencia crónica, y otros indicadores de abuso físico o sexual. Las infecciones orales por Neisseria gonorrhoeae y Treponema pallidum son patognomónicas de abuso sexual. Todas las demás lesiones y enfermedades orales son sospechosas o sugerentes. Conclusiones: las lesiones y enfermedades por abusos y negligencia infantil se manifiestan con frecuencia en la región oral e intraoral. Es fundamental que los pediatras y los odontólogos tengan conciencia del problema, estén formados en su detección, y conozcan cuándo y cómo documentar y notificar. Tales esfuerzos, así como el trabajo en común de dichos profesionales, fortalecerán la capacidad de prevenir y detectar el maltrato infantil y mejorar la capacidad de cuidar y proteger a los niños.

          Translated abstract

          Introduction: the objective of the study was to review the oral and dental manifestations of child abuse. Material and methods: we performed a systematic review study following the PRISMA guidelines. We performed 2 searches using MeSH terms in the Medline/PubMed database for the period ranging from 1/1/2000 to 12/31/2019. Results: the review included 26 articles, of which 65.4% were published in dental journals and 16% in paediatric journals. All oral and dental injuries caused by physical abuse raise suspicion, but none are pathognomonic. They must be distinguished from unintentional injuries, which are common in the paediatric population. To do so, the presence of physical signs considered strong warning signs must be assessed. All oral and dental diseases resulting from neglect are suggestive but not confirmatory of neglect. Therefore, it is necessary to assess whether there are factors considered necessary to diagnose dental neglect, such as other health problems arising from chronic neglect or other indicators of physical and/or sexual abuse. Oral infections by Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Treponema pallidum are pathognomonic for sexual abuse. All other oral injuries and diseases are considered suspicious or suggestive. Conclusions: injuries and diseases resulting from child abuse or neglect frequently manifest the oral and intraoral regions. It is essential that paediatricians and dentists be aware of the problem, trained in its detection, and knowledgeable of when and how to document and notify suspected cases. These efforts, as well as the overall work of these professionals, will increase our ability to prevent and detect child maltreatment and to protect and care for children.

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          Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement.

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            Maxillofacial injuries in the pediatric patient.

            Approximately 22 million children are injured in the United States annually. Children are uniquely susceptible to craniofacial trauma because of their greater cranial-mass-to-body ratio. The pediatric population sustains 1% to 14.7% of all facial fractures. The majority of these injuries are encountered by boys (53.7% - 80%) who are involved in motor vehicle accidents (up to 80.2%). The incidence of other systemic injury concomitant to facial trauma is significant (10.4% - 88%). The management of the pediatric patient with maxillofacial injury should take into consideration the differences in anatomy and physiology between children and adults, the presence of concomitant injury, the particular stage in growth and development (anatomic, physiologic, and psychologic), and the specific injuries and anatomic sites that the injuries affect. This comprehensive review, based on the last 25 years of the world's English-speaking surgical literature, presents current thoughts on the anatomic and physiologic differences between adults and children, a synopsis of childhood growth and development, and an overview of state-of-the-art management of the pediatric patient who has sustained maxillofacial injury.
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              Prevalence of early childhood caries in a population of children with history of maltreatment.

              The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) in a population of maltreated children in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The sample consisted of preschool-aged children (2 to 6 years) admitted to the care of the Children's Aid Society of Toronto (CAST) between 1991 and 2004. Data were collected by reviewing the dental and social workers' records of CAST ECC was determined using the decayed, missing, and filled deciduous teeth (dmft) index. The type and severity of maltreatment were obtained from the Eligibility Spectrum. The study included 66 children: 37 (56 percent) boys and 29 (44 percent) girls, with an average age of 4.1 years [standard deviation (SD) = 1.2]. Four (6 percent) children had evidence of dental injury, and none had teeth filled or extracted as a result of decay ECC was observed in 58 percent of the abused children. Of these, the mean decayed teeth ("dt") value was 5.63 (SD = 4.17, n = 38) and 3.24 (SD= 4.21) for the whole sample (n = 66). The proportion of children with untreated caries was 57 percent among "neglected" children (n = 53) and 62 percent in physically/sexually abused cases (n = 13). Logistic regression revealed that children in permanent CAST care and those in its care more than once were significantly less likely to have experienced caries. Abused and neglected young children had higher levels of tooth decay than the general population of 5-year-olds in Toronto (30 percent prevalence, mean dt= 0.42, SD = 1.20, n = 3185). However, this study did not find any difference in ECC prevalence between children with different types of maltreatment. The study did find that CAST services had a protective effect on children's oral health, which supports the recommendation that child protection services should investigate possible dental neglect in physical/sexual abuse and neglect cases.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                pap
                Pediatría Atención Primaria
                Rev Pediatr Aten Primaria
                Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1139-7632
                March 2021
                : 23
                : 89
                : 15-23
                Affiliations
                [2] Huesca Aragón orgnameUniversidad de Zaragoza orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y del Deporte Spain
                [1] Zaragoza orgnameGobierno de Aragón orgdiv1Instituto Aragonés de Servicios Sociales orgdiv2Servicios de Pediatría y Adolescencia España
                Article
                S1139-76322021000100002 S1139-7632(21)02308900002
                5f278b63-a4ac-4ebd-98f9-2e1c7981cd1c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 9
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                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Originales

                Abuso,Tooth injuries,Sexual abuse,Neglect,Mouth diseases,Child abuse,Abuse,Negligencia,Maltrato infantil,Lesiones dentales,Enfermedades bucales,Abuso sexual

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