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      Will the Discussion on Digital Sequence Information on Genetic Resources Contribute to the "Evolution" of CBD?

      Biodiversity Information Science and Standards
      Pensoft Publishers

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          Abstract

          The discussion on digital sequence information (DSI) on genetic resources under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) started from 13th Conference of the Party (COP) held in Mexico 2016. The controversial negotiations on DSI continues, and the CBD Parties agreed on the 14th COP with decision 14/20 to seek further view and submissions on DSI. The issues at the CBD-COP are, according to Kobayashi (2018), the following: terminology or definition of DSI; the potential coverage of DSI under the CBD to ensure benefit sharing; relationship between use of DSI and mutually agreed terms; influence on the objectives of CBD; traceability and; relationship between utilization of DSI and public databases. Among these issues, the first is pointed out by Australia as an issue leading to the amendment of the CBD. Also, the third is the issue regarding the rights and obligations of natural and legal persons. Halewood et al. (2018) proposed different views as a policy option, which are renegotiation of the legally binding instrument and adoption of a decision on mutually agreed terms in the current framework. Sollberger (2018) also pointed out that the most obvious solution could be to govern the use of sequence information via permission from national authority and contract between provider and user at the time of access to the original genetic resource. On the other hand, the evolution of the international environment agreement is to embody the Convention and the Protocol through decisions or resolutions adopted by COP, in addition to the amendment of the Convention and the adoption of the Protocol. Tamura (1999) reviewed the role of COP under the international environment agreement as follows: adjusts interests among the Parties; implements the obligations under the agreement; and enables a consensus building framework for the development and implementation of the agreement. However, the decisions adopted by the COP are not legally binding, despite the lack of articles on this matter in the agreement, there are cases, for instance, that the decision of COP is to proceed with rule making and begin to be implemented in each Party (Recio 2018). Thus, this paper examines whether the issue on DSI in the CBD contributes to the evolution of the Convention or not through the discussion from COP13 to COP14, including the submission of the views from Party and stakeholders, an Ad Hoc Technical Expert Group (AHTEG) on DSI on genetic resources and decision-making. As a tentative conclusion, the discussion on DSI could contribute to the evolution of the Convention. In confirming decision IV/20 of CBD-COP, COP decided to continue discussions on definition and scope, furthermore it is noted that mutually agreed terms can cover the benefits arising from the use of DSI on accessed genetic resources. This decision does not go beyond the current framework, but there is a possibility to create opportunities for the evolution or growth of the Convention, such as the development of standard contract models. The logic of this decision is the same as the derivatives of genetic resources identified during the negotiation of the Nagoya Protocol.

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          Plant genetic resources for food and agriculture: opportunities and challenges emerging from the science and information technology revolution

          Contents Summary 1407 I. Introduction 1408 II. Technological advances and their utility for gene banks and breeding, and longer-term contributions to SDGs 1408 III. The challenges that must be overcome to realise emerging R&D opportunities 1410 IV. Renewed governance structures for PGR (and related big data) 1413 V. Access and benefit sharing and big data 1416 VI. Conclusion 1417 Acknowledgements 1417 ORCID 1417 References 1417 SUMMARY: Over the last decade, there has been an ongoing revolution in the exploration, manipulation and synthesis of biological systems, through the development of new technologies that generate, analyse and exploit big data. Users of Plant Genetic Resources (PGR) can potentially leverage these capacities to significantly increase the efficiency and effectiveness of their efforts to conserve, discover and utilise novel qualities in PGR, and help achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This review advances the discussion on these emerging opportunities and discusses how taking advantage of them will require data integration and synthesis across disciplinary, organisational and international boundaries, and the formation of multi-disciplinary, international partnerships. We explore some of the institutional and policy challenges that these efforts will face, particularly how these new technologies may influence the structure and role of research for sustainable development, ownership of resources, and access and benefit sharing. We discuss potential responses to political and institutional challenges, ranging from options for enhanced structure and governance of research discovery platforms to internationally brokered benefit-sharing agreements, and identify a set of broad principles that could guide the global community as it seeks or considers solutions.
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              Transnational REDD+Rule Making: The Regulatory Landscape for REDD+ Implementation in Latin America

              REDD+ – an incentive mechanism to reduce deforestation and associated greenhouse gas emissions in developing countries – was developed under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and subsequently included in the Paris Agreement. Its early implementation activities have highlighted the role of certain intergovernmental actors: REDD+financing initiatives, including the World Bank’s Forest Carbon Partnership Facility and Forest Investment Programme, and UN-REDD, a collaborative programme involving three agencies of the United Nations. By setting conditions for the provision of support for REDD+, these initiatives have actively and influentially engaged in REDD+rule making. This article focuses on the regulatory landscape for REDD+and examines rules developed under the UNFCCC and elaborated by the REDD+financing initiatives, using examples from the Latin American region. The analysis shows that informal lawmaking plays a more relevant role in REDD+rule making than international formal law, and has demonstrated legal and practical effects. However, informality can also tilt power relations between donor and recipient countries, which could jeopardize the legitimacy of transnational rule making.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Biodiversity Information Science and Standards
                BISS
                Pensoft Publishers
                2535-0897
                June 13 2019
                June 13 2019
                : 3
                Article
                10.3897/biss.3.36593
                5f417281-dced-4be8-9d1b-bd521ab9f1a1
                © 2019

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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