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      Reduced Graphene Oxide/TEMPO-Nanocellulose Nanohybrid-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for the Determination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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          Abstract

          A novel peptide nuclide acid (PNA) electrochemical biosensor based on reduced graphene oxide (NH 2-rGO)/2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl nanocrystalline cellulose (TEMPO-NCC) for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( M. Tuberculosis) is described. In this study, the nanohybrid films NH 2-rGO/TEMPO-NCC were immobilized onto screen-printed carbon electrode (SPE) via a simple drop-coating method. The electrochemical characterization of the designed electrode was investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Meanwhile, the sensitivity and selectivity of the designed biosensor against M. tuberculosis were measured by the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The response of the PNA probe-modified (NH2-rGO)/TEMPO-NCC demonstrated that the fabricated biosensor was able to distinguish between complementary, noncomplementary, and one-base mismatch DNA sequences using methylene blue (MB) as the electrochemical indicator. The developed electrochemical biosensor exhibited a linear calibration curve in the concentration range of 1 × 10 8 M to 1 × 10 13 M with the limit of detection of 3.14 × 10 14 M . The developed electrochemical biosensor has also been tested with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product of M. tuberculosis DNA which has shown successful results in distinguishing between negative and positive samples of M. tuberculosis.

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          Most cited references48

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          Cellulose nanofibers prepared by TEMPO-mediated oxidation of native cellulose.

          Never-dried and once-dried hardwood celluloses were oxidized by a 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO)-mediated system, and highly crystalline and individualized cellulose nanofibers, dispersed in water, were prepared by mechanical treatment of the oxidized cellulose/water slurries. When carboxylate contents formed from the primary hydroxyl groups of the celluloses reached approximately 1.5 mmol/g, the oxidized cellulose/water slurries were mostly converted to transparent and highly viscous dispersions by mechanical treatment. Transmission electron microscopic observation showed that the dispersions consisted of individualized cellulose nanofibers 3-4 nm in width and a few microns in length. No intrinsic differences between never-dried and once-dried celluloses were found for preparing the dispersion, as long as carboxylate contents in the TEMPO-oxidized celluloses reached approximately 1.5 mmol/g. Changes in viscosity of the dispersions during the mechanical treatment corresponded with those in the dispersed states of the cellulose nanofibers in water.
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            Nanocellulose in biomedicine: Current status and future prospect

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              Cellulose nanocrystals: synthesis, functional properties, and applications

              Cellulose nanocrystals are unique nanomaterials derived from the most abundant and almost inexhaustible natural polymer, cellulose. These nanomaterials have received significant interest due to their mechanical, optical, chemical, and rheological properties. Cellulose nanocrystals primarily obtained from naturally occurring cellulose fibers are biodegradable and renewable in nature and hence they serve as a sustainable and environmentally friendly material for most applications. These nanocrystals are basically hydrophilic in nature; however, they can be surface functionalized to meet various challenging requirements, such as the development of high-performance nanocomposites, using hydrophobic polymer matrices. Considering the ever-increasing interdisciplinary research being carried out on cellulose nanocrystals, this review aims to collate the knowledge available about the sources, chemical structure, and physical and chemical isolation procedures, as well as describes the mechanical, optical, and rheological properties, of cellulose nanocrystals. Innovative applications in diverse fields such as biomedical engineering, material sciences, electronics, catalysis, etc, wherein these cellulose nanocrystals can be used, are highlighted.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal of Sensors
                Journal of Sensors
                Hindawi Limited
                1687-725X
                1687-7268
                January 21 2020
                January 21 2020
                : 2020
                : 1-11
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdan, Selangor D.E., Malaysia
                [2 ]Centre for Advanced Materials and Renewable Resources, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
                [3 ]Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
                [4 ]Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecules Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
                [5 ]Cardiovascular Diabetes and Nutrition Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, 50588 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
                [6 ]Bacteriology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, 50588 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
                Article
                10.1155/2020/4051474
                5f46dff9-84c8-46ea-9ff5-629551aee49c
                © 2020

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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