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      Species richness and turnover among indigenous and introduced plants and insects of the Southern Ocean Islands

      1 , 1 , 1
      Ecosphere
      Wiley

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          Community diversity: relative roles of local and regional processes.

          The species richness (diversity) of local plant and animal assemblages-biological communities-balances regional processes of species formation and geographic dispersal, which add species to communities, against processes of predation, competitive exclusion, adaptation, and stochastic variation, which may promote local extinction. During the past three decades, ecologists have sought to explain differences in local diversity by the influence of the physical environment on local interactions among species, interactions that are generally believed to limit the number of coexisting species. But diversity of the biological community often fails to converge under similar physical conditions, and local diversity bears a demonstrable dependence upon regional diversity. These observations suggest that regional and historical processes, as well as unique events and circumstances, profoundly influence local community structure. Ecologists must broaden their concepts of community processes and incorporate data from systematics, biogeography, and paleontology into analyses of ecological patterns and tests of community theory.
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            Species-Energy Theory: An Extension of Species-Area Theory

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              How Should Beta-Diversity Inform Biodiversity Conservation?

              To design robust protected area networks, accurately measure species losses, or understand the processes that maintain species diversity, conservation science must consider the organization of biodiversity in space. Central is beta-diversity--the component of regional diversity that accumulates from compositional differences between local species assemblages. We review how beta-diversity is impacted by human activities, including farming, selective logging, urbanization, species invasions, overhunting, and climate change. Beta-diversity increases, decreases, or remains unchanged by these impacts, depending on the balance of processes that cause species composition to become more different (biotic heterogenization) or more similar (biotic homogenization) between sites. While maintaining high beta-diversity is not always a desirable conservation outcome, understanding beta-diversity is essential for protecting regional diversity and can directly assist conservation planning.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Ecosphere
                Ecosphere
                Wiley
                21508925
                July 2018
                July 2018
                July 23 2018
                : 9
                : 7
                : e02358
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Biological Sciences; Monash University; Victoria 3800 Australia
                Article
                10.1002/ecs2.2358
                5fc12b71-4878-4426-946b-ecbfc2dee5fc
                © 2018

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

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