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      A Review of the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Rosmarinic Acid on Inflammatory Diseases

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          Abstract

          Inflammatory diseases are caused by abnormal immune responses and are characterized by an imbalance of inflammatory mediators and cells. In recent years, the anti-inflammatory activity of natural products has attracted wide attention. Rosmarinic acid (RosA) is a water-soluble phenolic compound that is an ester of caffeic acid and 3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl lactic acid. It is discovered in many plants, like those of the Boraginaceae and Lamiaceae families. RosA has a wide range of pharmacological effects, including anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, anti-tumorigenic, and anti-inflammatory effects. The anti-inflammatory effects of RosA have been revealed through in vitro and in vivo studies of various inflammatory diseases like arthritis, colitis, and atopic dermatitis. This article mainly describes the preclinical research of RosA on inflammatory diseases and depicts a small amount of clinical research data. The purpose of this review is to discuss the anti-inflammatory effects of RosA in inflammatory diseases and its underlying mechanism.

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          Origin and physiological roles of inflammation.

          Ruslan Medzhitov (2008)
          Inflammation underlies a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes. Although the pathological aspects of many types of inflammation are well appreciated, their physiological functions are mostly unknown. The classic instigators of inflammation - infection and tissue injury - are at one end of a large range of adverse conditions that induce inflammation, and they trigger the recruitment of leukocytes and plasma proteins to the affected tissue site. Tissue stress or malfunction similarly induces an adaptive response, which is referred to here as para-inflammation. This response relies mainly on tissue-resident macrophages and is intermediate between the basal homeostatic state and a classic inflammatory response. Para-inflammation is probably responsible for the chronic inflammatory conditions that are associated with modern human diseases.
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            Inflammasomes: mechanism of action, role in disease, and therapeutics.

            Haitao Guo, Justin Callaway, Jenny P.-Y. Ting (2015)
            The inflammasomes are innate immune system receptors and sensors that regulate the activation of caspase-1 and induce inflammation in response to infectious microbes and molecules derived from host proteins. They have been implicated in a host of inflammatory disorders. Recent developments have greatly enhanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which different inflammasomes are activated. Additionally, increasing evidence in mouse models, supported by human data, strongly implicates an involvement of the inflammasome in the initiation or progression of diseases with a high impact on public health, such as metabolic disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, recent developments pointing toward promising therapeutics that target inflammasome activity in inflammatory diseases have been reported. This review will focus on these three areas of inflammasome research.
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              Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) 2008 update (in collaboration with the World Health Organization, GA(2)LEN and AllerGen).

              J. Bousquet, N Khaltaev, A Cruz … (2008)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Pharmacol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Pharmacol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Pharmacol.
                Title: Frontiers in Pharmacology
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 1663-9812
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 February 2020
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Volume: 11
                Electronic Location Identifier: 153
                Affiliations
                [1] 1 College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University , Dalian, China
                [2] 2 Department of Internal Cardiovascular, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University , Dalian, China
                [3] 3 Key Laboratory for Basic and Applied Research on Pharmacodynamic Substances of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University , Dalian, China
                [4] 4 Research Center of Pharmacodynamic, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research New Drug Evaluation Co., Ltd. , Tianjin, China
                Author notes

                Edited by: Gerard Bannenberg, GOED, United States

                Reviewed by: Ayse Kuruuzum-Uz, Hacettepe University, Turkey; Giustino Orlando, Università degli Studi G. d’Annunzio Chieti e Pescara, Italy

                *Correspondence: Yue Jin, rutin@ 123456sina.com ; Shuangyong Sun, sunshuangyong@ 123456163.com

                This article was submitted to Inflammation Pharmacology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology

                †These authors have contributed equally to this work

                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00153
                PMC ID: 7059186
                PubMed ID: 32184728
                SO-VID: 5ffc3e4c-1e1f-4817-97d4-371a7b2f13fa
                Copyright © Copyright © 2020 Luo, Zou, Sun, Peng, Gao, Bao, Ji, Jin and Sun
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 02 December 2019
                Date accepted : 05 February 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 110, Pages: 11, Words: 6404
                Categories
                Subject: Pharmacology
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: rosmarinic acid,inflammatory diseases,anti-inflammatory,mechanism,treatment
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: rosmarinic acid, inflammatory diseases, anti-inflammatory, mechanism, treatment

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