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      Factors associated with stigma attitude towards people living with HIV among general individuals in Heilongjiang, Northeast China

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          Abstract

          Background

          HIV-related stigma always is major obstacles to an effective HIV response worldwide. The effect of HIV-related stigma on HIV prevention and treatment is particularly serious in China. This study was to examine stigma attitude towards people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) among general individuals in Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China and the factors associated with stigma attitude, including socio-demographic factors and HIV/AIDS Knowledge.

          Methods

          A cross-sectional survey was carried out in Heilongjiang Province, China. A total of 4050 general individuals with age 15–69 years in four villages in rural areas and two communities in urban areas were drawn using stratified cluster sampling. Standardized questionnaire interviews were administered. Univariate and multivariate log-binomial regression were performed to assess factors affecting stigma attitude towards PLWHA.

          Results

          The proportions of participants holding stigma attitude towards PLWHA were 49.6% among rural respondents and 37.0% among urban respondents ( P < 0.001). Multivariate log binomial regression analysis among both rural participants (RR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.87–0.91, P < 0.001) and urban participants (RR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.87–0.91, P < 0.001) showed that greater knowledge of HIV transmission misconceptions was significantly associated with lower stigma attitude towards people living with HIV. And among urban participants, higher education level (high school vs. primary school or less: RR = 0.73, 95%CI: 0.62–0.87, P < 0.001; middle school vs. primary school or less: RR = 0.83, 95%CI: 0.71–0.97, P = 0.018) were also significantly associated with lower stigma attitude towards PLWHA.

          Conclusions

          The level of stigma attitude towards PLWHA is higher in rural areas than in urban areas in Heilongjiang. Meanwhile, individuals who better were aware of HIV/AIDS transmission misconceptions may hold lower stigma attitude toward PLWHA whether among rural or urban residents.

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          Most cited references27

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          HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: a conceptual framework and implications for action.

          Richard Parker, Peter Aggleton (2003)
          Internationally, there has been a recent resurgence of interest in HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination, triggered at least in part by growing recognition that negative social responses to the epidemic remain pervasive even in seriously affected communities. Yet, rarely are existing notions of stigma and discrimination interrogated for their conceptual adequacy and their usefulness in leading to the design of effective programmes and interventions. Taking as its starting point, the classic formulation of stigma as a 'significantly discrediting' attribute, but moving beyond this to conceptualize stigma and stigmatization as intimately linked to the reproduction of social difference, this paper offers a new framework by which to understand HIV and AIDS-related stigma and its effects. It so doing, it highlights the manner in which stigma feeds upon, strengthens and reproduces existing inequalities of class, race, gender and sexuality. It highlights the limitations of individualistic modes of stigma alleviation and calls instead for new programmatic approaches in which the resistance of stigmatized individuals and communities is utilized as a resource for social change.
          Article 0 comments Cited 298 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Measuring the self-stigma associated with seeking psychological help.

            David Vogel, Nathaniel Wade, Shawn Haake (2006)
            Article 0 comments Cited 164 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              HIV/STD stigmatization fears as health-seeking barriers in China.

              Eli Lieber, , Li Li … (2006)
              Internationally, stigma prohibits effective HIV/STD identification, prevention, and care. Interviews with 106 persons in an urban center in Eastern China, some known to have engaged in stigmatized risk acts (sex workers, STD clinic patients) and some vulnerable for stigmatization fears to influence health-seeking behaviors (market employees, rural-to-urban migrants). Interviews focused on community norms, values, beliefs, and emotional and behavioral reactions to HIV/STD stigmatization related events. Attributions for infection were found to mark individual's failure to adhere to sexuality norms; define a condition warranting the avoidance of infected persons and dismissal by medical professionals; and promote anticipation of negative emotions (i.e., shame, fear, and embarrassment) and devalued social roles and status. Strategies reported to avoid stigmatization include avoiding HIV/STD knowledge; avoiding health care professionals, particularly in public settings; and conforming to community norms of shunning those suspected of risky behaviors. Results have direct implications for community marketing campaigns in China.
              Article 0 comments Cited 38 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Yashuang Zhao: +86-(0)451-87502823 , zhao_yashuang@263.net
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Infect Dis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Infect. Dis
                Title: BMC Infectious Diseases
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1471-2334
                Publication date (Electronic): 17 February 2017
                Publication date PMC-release: 17 February 2017
                Publication date Collection: 2017
                Volume: 17
                Electronic Location Identifier: 154
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2204 9268, GRID grid.410736.7, Department of Epidemiology, , Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, ; Harbin, Heilongjiang Province China
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2204 9268, GRID grid.410736.7, , Harbin Medical University, ; Harbin, Heilongjiang Province China
                [3 ]Heilongjiang Medical Science Institute, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province China
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9738 7977, GRID grid.416243.6, Department of Public Health, , Mudanjiang Medical College, ; Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province China
                [5 ]Qiqihaer Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang Province China
                [6 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9530 8833, GRID grid.260483.b, Department of Epidemiology, , Public Health College, Nantong University, ; Nantong, Jiangsu Province China
                [7 ]Qiqihaer Medical University, Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang Province China
                [8 ]Clinical Laboratory, Third Affiliated Clinical Hospital of Qiqihaer Medical University, Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang Province China
                [9 ]Disease Control Office, Health Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province China
                [10 ]Heilongjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province China
                Article
                Publisher ID: 2216
                DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2216-0
                PMC ID: 5316215
                PubMed ID: 28212610
                SO-VID: 60331f6d-2aa8-4175-bdea-d8c948d4d136
                Copyright © © The Author(s). 2017
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                Date received : 8 January 2016
                Date accepted : 20 January 2017
                Funding
                Funded by: Health Department of Heilongjiang Province, China
                Award ID: 2006–308
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2017

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: hiv/aids knowledge,general individuals,public stigma attitude
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: hiv/aids knowledge, general individuals, public stigma attitude

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