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      Immune response of teleost fish to helminth parasite infection Translated title: Resposta imune de peixes teleósteos às infecções por parasitos helmintos

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          Abstract

          Abstract Fish immune systems have become the subject of several studies due to the growing development of aquaculture and fisheries, and the demand for healthy produce for human consumption. Among the parasites responsible for diseases in fish farming, helminths stand out because they cause infections in farmed fish and decrease food conversion, zootechnical performance and meat quality. In the present review, the components that participate in the innate and adaptive immune responses of teleost fish that have so far been described are presented in order to summarize the defenses that these hosts have recourse to, in combating different groups of helminth parasites.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo O sistema imune dos peixes tem se tornado alvo de muitas pesquisas devido ao crescente desenvolvimento da aquicultura e da pesca, assim como a exigência de obtenção de animais saudáveis para o consumo humano. Dentre os parasitos responsáveis pelas enfermidades na piscicultura, os helmintos destacam-se por causarem infecções nos peixes cultivados e por ocasionarem diminuição da conversão alimentar, do desempenho zootécnico e da qualidade da carne. Nesta revisão, apresentaremos os componentes que participam das respostas imunes inata e adaptativa dos peixes teleósteos já descritos, a fim de sintetizar à quais defesas o hospedeiro recorre frente aos diferentes grupos de parasitos.

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          Most cited references145

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          Innate immunity of fish (overview).

          The innate immune system is the only defence weapon of invertebrates and a fundamental defence mechanism of fish. The innate system also plays an instructive role in the acquired immune response and homeostasis and is therefore equally important in higher vertebrates. The innate system's recognition of non-self and danger signals is served by a limited number of germ-line encoded pattern recognition receptors/proteins, which recognise pathogen associated molecular patterns like bacterial and fungal glycoproteins and lipopolysaccharides and intracellular components released through injury or infection. The innate immune system is divided into physical barriers, cellular and humoral components. Humoral parameters include growth inhibitors, various lytic enzymes and components of the complement pathways, agglutinins and precipitins (opsonins, primarily lectins), natural antibodies, cytokines, chemokines and antibacterial peptides. Several external and internal factors can influence the activity of innate immune parameters. Temperature changes, handling and crowding stress can have suppressive effects on innate parameters, whereas several food additives and immunostimulants can enhance different innate factors. There is limited data available about the ontogenic development of the innate immunological system in fish. Active phagocytes, complement components and enzyme activity, like lysozyme and cathepsins, are present early in the development, before or soon after hatching.
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            Origin and evolution of the adaptive immune system: genetic events and selective pressures.

            The adaptive immune system (AIS) in mammals, which is centred on lymphocytes bearing antigen receptors that are generated by somatic recombination, arose approximately 500 million years ago in jawed fish. This intricate defence system consists of many molecules, mechanisms and tissues that are not present in jawless vertebrates. Two macroevolutionary events are believed to have contributed to the genesis of the AIS: the emergence of the recombination-activating gene (RAG) transposon, and two rounds of whole-genome duplication. It has recently been discovered that a non-RAG-based AIS with similarities to the jawed vertebrate AIS - including two lymphoid cell lineages - arose in jawless fish by convergent evolution. We offer insights into the latest advances in this field and speculate on the selective pressures that led to the emergence and maintenance of the AIS.
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              Teleost intestinal immunology.

              Teleosts clearly have a more diffuse gut associated lymphoid system, which is morphological and functional clearly different from the mammalian GALT. All immune cells necessary for a local immune response are abundantly present in the gut mucosa of the species studied and local immune responses can be monitored after intestinal immunization. Fish do not produce IgA, but a special mucosal IgM isotype seems to be secreted and may (partly) be the recently described IgZ/IgT. Fish produce a pIgR in their mucosal tissues but it is smaller (2 ILD) than the 4-5 ILD pIgR of higher vertebrates. Whether teleost pIgR is transcytosed and cleaved off in the same way needs further investigation, especially because a secretory component (SC) is only reported in one species. Teleosts also have high numbers of IEL, most of them are CD3-ɛ+/CD8-α+ and have cytotoxic and/or regulatory function. Possibly many of these cells are TCRγδ cells and they may be involved in the oral tolerance induction observed in fish. Innate immune cells can be observed in the teleost gut from first feeding onwards, but B cells appear much later in mucosal compartments compared to systemic sites. Conspicuous is the very early presence of putative T cells or their precursors in the fish gut, which together with the rag-1 expression of intestinal lymphoid cells may be an indication for an extra-thymic development of certain T cells. Teleosts can develop enteritis in their antigen transporting second gut segment and epithelial cells, IEL and eosinophils/basophils seem to play a crucial role in this intestinal inflammation model. Teleost intestine can be exploited for oral vaccination strategies and probiotic immune stimulation. A variety of encapsulation methods, to protect vaccines against degradation in the foregut, are reported with promising results but in most cases they appear not to be cost effective yet. Microbiota in fish are clearly different from terrestrial animals. In the past decade a fast increasing number of papers is dedicated to the oral administration of a variety of probiotics that can have a strong health beneficial effect, but much more attention has to be paid to the immune mechanisms behind these effects. The recent development of gnotobiotic fish models may be very helpful to study the immune effects of microbiota and probiotics in teleosts. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rbpv
                Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária
                Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.
                Colégio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinária (Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil )
                0103-846X
                1984-2961
                December 2019
                : 28
                : 4
                : 533-547
                Affiliations
                [01] Manaus Amazonas orgnameUniversidade Federal do Amazonas orgdiv1Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Pesqueiras nos Trópicos Brazil
                [02] Manaus Amazonas orgnameUniversidade Federal do Amazonas orgdiv1Departamento de Parasitologia Brazil
                [03] Manaus Amazonas orgnameEmbrapa Amazônia Ocidental Brazil
                Article
                S1984-29612019000400533
                10.1590/s1984-29612019080
                607183a6-b4de-448a-9b07-a9a047d936ff

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 05 September 2019
                : 16 April 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 164, Pages: 15
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Review Article

                immune system,Parasites,aquicultura,aquaculture,Parasitos,sistema imune

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