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      Environmental physiology of the bananas (Musa spp.) Translated title: Ecofisiologia de bananeiras (Musa spp.)

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          Abstract

          The bananas are thought to be particularly sensitive to changes in the environment. This review considers some historical and recent investigations into the response of the leaf, root and reproductive system to the environment. Monteith's analysis of the response of plants to intercepted radiation is appropriate for analyzing the productivity of bananas and plantains. The banana is sensitive to soil water deficits, and expanding tissues such as emerging leaves and growing fruit are among the first to be affected. As soil begins to dry, stomata close and leaves remain highly hydrated, probably through root pressure. Productivity is affected because of the early closure of stomata. We find the common belief that bananas use large amounts of water does not have a strong physiological basis. Improvements in water-use efficiency in irrigated plantations could come from a closer match between plant water use and the amount of water applied. We examine recent data on water-use efficiency of different banana cultivars and propose that agronomists, physiologists and breeders could quantify the amount of water available in each rain-fed environment and work towards directing more of that water through the plant. The banana is day neutral for floral induction, but photoperiods of less than 12 h are associated with a slowing in the rate of bunch initiation that is independent of temperature expressed as growing degree days. This may contribute to seasonal variations in banana flowering, even in more tropical environments with moderate temperatures.

          Translated abstract

          Bananeiras são particularmente sensíveis a mudanças no ambiente. Nesta revisão, exploram-se alguns estudos clássicos e recentes sobre as respostas ao ambiente da folha, raiz e sistema reprodutivo dessa espécie. A análise de Monteith sobre as respostas das plantas à radiação interceptada mostrou-se apropriada para a análise da produtividade de bananeiras. Bananeiras são sensíveis ao déficit hídrico do solo, particularmente tecidos em expansão tais como as folhas em formação e os frutos em crescimento. Na medida em que o solo começa a secar, os estômatos se fecham e as folhas se mantêm altamente hidratadas, provavelmente devido à pressão radicular. A produtividade é afetada, em função do fechamento estomático. A crença geral de que bananeiras usam grandes quantidades de água não tem forte embasamento fisiológico. O aumento na eficiência do uso da água em cultivos irrigados pode advir de aumentos na densidade de plantio e quantidade de água aplicada. Examinam-se dados recentes sobre a eficiência do uso da água em diferentes cultivares de banana e propõe-se que agrônomos, fisiologistas e melhoristas possam quantificar a quantidade de água disponível nos vários ambientes de sequeiro, de modo a maximizar a eficiência do uso da água pela planta. A bananeira é uma espécie neutra para a indução floral, porém fotoperíodos inferiores a 12 h são associados a uma redução na taxa de iniciação do cacho, que é independente da temperatura quando expressa em graus-dia durante a fase de crescimento. Isso pode contribuir para variações sazonais na floração da banana, mesmo em ambientes tipicamente tropicais com temperaturas moderadas.

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          Fitting photosynthetic carbon dioxide response curves for C(3) leaves.

          Photosynthetic responses to carbon dioxide concentration can provide data on a number of important parameters related to leaf physiology. Methods for fitting a model to such data are briefly described. The method will fit the following parameters: V(cmax), J, TPU, R(d) and g(m)[maximum carboxylation rate allowed by ribulose 1.5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), rate of photosynthetic electron transport (based on NADPH requirement), triose phosphate use, day respiration and mesophyll conductance, respectively]. The method requires at least five data pairs of net CO(2) assimilation (A) and [CO(2)] in the intercellular airspaces of the leaf (C(i)) and requires users to indicate the presumed limiting factor. The output is (1) calculated CO(2) partial pressure at the sites of carboxylation, C(c), (2) values for the five parameters at the measurement temperature and (3) values adjusted to 25 degrees C to facilitate comparisons. Fitting this model is a way of exploring leaf level photosynthesis. However, interpreting leaf level photosynthesis in terms of underlying biochemistry and biophysics is subject to assumptions that hold to a greater or lesser degree, a major assumption being that all parts of the leaf are behaving in the same way at each instant.
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            The Families of the Monocotyledons

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              Domestication, Genomics and the Future for Banana

              Background Cultivated bananas and plantains are giant herbaceous plants within the genus Musa. They are both sterile and parthenocarpic so the fruit develops without seed. The cultivated hybrids and species are mostly triploid (2n = 3x = 33; a few are diploid or tetraploid), and most have been propagated from mutants found in the wild. With a production of 100 million tons annually, banana is a staple food across the Asian, African and American tropics, with the 15 % that is exported being important to many economies. Scope There are well over a thousand domesticated Musa cultivars and their genetic diversity is high, indicating multiple origins from different wild hybrids between two principle ancestral species. However, the difficulty of genetics and sterility of the crop has meant that the development of new varieties through hybridization, mutation or transformation was not very successful in the 20th century. Knowledge of structural and functional genomics and genes, reproductive physiology, cytogenetics, and comparative genomics with rice, Arabidopsis and other model species has increased our understanding of Musa and its diversity enormously. Conclusions There are major challenges to banana production from virulent diseases, abiotic stresses and new demands for sustainability, quality, transport and yield. Within the genepool of cultivars and wild species there are genetic resistances to many stresses. Genomic approaches are now rapidly advancing in Musa and have the prospect of helping enable banana to maintain and increase its importance as a staple food and cash crop through integration of genetical, evolutionary and structural data, allowing targeted breeding, transformation and efficient use of Musa biodiversity in the future.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bjpp
                Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology
                Braz. J. Plant Physiol.
                Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology (Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil )
                1677-9452
                December 2007
                : 19
                : 4
                : 463-484
                Affiliations
                [02] Coffs Harbour Jetty NSW orgnameForests NSW orgdiv1Land Management and Technical Services Australia
                [01] Crawley WA orgnameThe University of Western Australia orgdiv1Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences orgdiv2School of Plant Biology Australia
                Article
                S1677-04202007000400013 S1677-0420(07)01900413
                10.1590/S1677-04202007000400013
                60748bf3-8040-4b17-aa4b-7b572223de8b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 11 March 2008
                : 10 March 2008
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 99, Pages: 22
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Review

                luz,produção,sistema foliar,sistema radicular,crop yield,temperatura,suprimento hídrico,leaf system,light,photoperiod,photosynthesis,reproductive system,root system,temperature,water supply,fotoperíodo,fotossíntese

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