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      Role of Melatonin in Schizophrenia

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          Abstract

          Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disease that disturbs several cognitive functions, such as memory, thought, perception and volition. Schizophrenia’s biological etiology is multifactorial and is still under investigation. Melatonin has been involved in schizophrenia since the first decades of the twentieth century. Research into melatonin regarding schizophrenia has followed two different approaches. The first approach is related to the use of melatonin as a biological marker. The second approach deals with the clinical applications of melatonin as a drug treatment. In this paper, both aspects of melatonin application are reviewed. Its clinical use in schizophrenia is emphasized.

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          Melatonin as a natural ally against oxidative stress: a physicochemical examination.

          Annia Galano, Dun Tan, Russel Reiter (2011)
          Oxidative stress has been proven to be related to the onset of a large number of health disorders. This chemical stress is triggered by an excess of free radicals, which are generated in cells because of a wide variety of exogenous and endogenous processes. Therefore, finding strategies for efficiently detoxifying free radicals has become a subject of a great interest, from both an academic and practical points of view. Melatonin is a ubiquitous and versatile molecule that exhibits most of the desirable characteristics of a good antioxidant. The amount of data gathered so far regarding the protective action of melatonin against oxidative stress is overwhelming. However, rather little is known concerning the chemical mechanisms involved in this activity. This review summarizes the current progress in understanding the physicochemical insights related to the free radical-scavenging activity of melatonin. Thus far, there is a general agreement that electron transfer and hydrogen transfer are the main mechanisms involved in the reactions of melatonin with free radicals. However, the relative importance of other mechanisms is also analyzed. The chemical nature of the reacting free radical also has an influence on the relative importance of the different mechanisms of these reactions. Therefore, this point has also been discussed in detail in the current review. Based on the available data, it is concluded that melatonin efficiently protects against oxidative stress by a variety of mechanisms. Moreover, it is proposed that even though it has been referred to as the chemical expression of darkness, perhaps it could also be referred to as the chemical light of health. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.
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            Regulation of antioxidant enzymes: a significant role for melatonin.

            Carmen Rodríguez, Juan C. Mayo, Rosa M. Sainz … (2004)
            Antioxidant enzymes form the first line of defense against free radicals in organisms. Their regulation depends mainly on the oxidant status of the cell, given that oxidants are their principal modulators. However, other factors have been reported to increase antioxidant enzyme activity and/or gene expression. During the last decade, the antioxidant melatonin has been shown to possess genomic actions, regulating the expression of several genes. Melatonin also influences both antioxidant enzyme activity and cellular mRNA levels for these enzymes. In the present report, we review the studies which document the influence of melatonin on the activity and expression of the antioxidative enzymes glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutases and catalase both under physiological and under conditions of elevated oxidative stress. We also analyze the possible mechanisms by which melatonin regulates these enzymes.
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              Schizophrenia.

              Robert Freedman (2003)
              Article 0 comments Cited 112 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms
                Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                Publisher: Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)
                ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067
                Publication date Collection: May 2013
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 April 2013
                Volume: 14
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 9037-9050
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Internal Medicine, Dermatology and Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Spain
                [2 ]Psychiatric Consultancy SC, 38001 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
                [3 ]Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Spain; E-Mail: pabreu@ 123456ull.es
                Author notes
                [* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: amorera@ 123456ull.es ; Tel.: +34-922-319-281; Fax: +34-922-319-279.
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijms-14-09037
                DOI: 10.3390/ijms14059037
                PMC ID: 3676771
                PubMed ID: 23698762
                SO-VID: 607bc30f-2013-4680-8930-ed8299801fec
                Copyright © © 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 19 February 2013
                Date revision received : 09 April 2013
                Date accepted : 10 April 2013
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: melatonin,schizophrenia,biological marker,therapeutic agent
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: melatonin, schizophrenia, biological marker, therapeutic agent

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